Pasar Latong

PENGOBATAN MEDIS DAN NON MEDIS

2011-03-31T07:37:00.001-07:00

PENGOBATAN MEDIS DAN NON MEDIS

~ Stroke Ringan/Berat
~ Lemah Jantung
~ Gangguan Pernapasan
~ Diabetes
~ Asam Urat
~ Kista
~ Hipertensi
~ Liper
~ Maag Kronis
~ Tumor
~ Kanker
~ Batu Ginjal
~ Asma
~ Kolestrol
~ Amandel
~ Pendarahan Hebat
~ Kembali Perawan
~ Keseleo
~ Lumpuh
~ Patah Tulang
~ Ejakulasi Dini
~ Impoten
~ Gangguan Mahluk Gaib
~ Terkena guna-guna. Dll

AJIAN RAJAH KHARISMA
Terbukti ampuh membuka Kharisma seseorang hingga pancaran aura bersinar amat terang.
~ Mahar I. Rp. 4.000.000,-
~ II. Rp.800.000,-
~ III. Rp.1.200.000,-

Ajian Arjuna
Ajian ini sangat bagus untuk anda kaum Pria yang akan membuat anda tampak lebih tampan, berwibawa, disegani banyak orang, dan disukai banyak kaum wanita.
~ Mahar Rp.800.000,-
~ Tingkat sempurna Rp. 1.500.000,-

AJIAN NABI YUSUF
Menjadikan seorang pria senantiasa tampak awet muda, tampan, gagah, perkasa, berwibawa, percaya diri dan memancarkan aura ketampanan seperti nabi Yusuf.
~ Mahar Rp.800.000,-
~ Tingkat sempurna Rp.2.000.000,-

“PENGISIAN BADAN”

PENGISIAN ALJABAR
Kegunaannya: Jaga diri, kekebalan, Pernapasan (tenaga dalam) kebal air keras pengasihan, pelancar usaha, disegani banyak orang, penolak santet/sihir sebangsa Jin, dll.
~ Mahar Tingkat I Rp.2.000.000,-
~ Tingkat II Rp. 4.000.000,-
~ Tingkat III Rp. 6.000.000,-

PENGISIAN BALA SEWO
Kasiat kegunaan, untuk kekebalan badan, tidak mampu ditikam, ditembak, dipukul.
~ Mahar Tingkat I Rp.2.500.000,-
~ Mahar Tingkat II Rp.5.000.000,-

PENGISIAN SIMA PAJAJARAN
Kegunaannya: Disegani orang, memperlancar rizqi.
~ Mahar Rp.1.000.000,-

PENGISIAN SUKMA WIBAWA
~ Mahar Rp.800.000,-

PENGISIAN 9 Ghodam
~ Mahar RP.1.200.000,-

PENGISIAN 99 Ghodam
~ Mahar Rp.2.000.000

PENGASIHAN

AJIAN PUTER GILING SUKMA
Spesial khusus buat memanggil pemanggilan pasangan / kekasih yang berpaling/ingin ingkar (juga pada orang yang pergi tanpa pamit) dalam sekejap segera pulang.
Mahar Rp.400.000,-
Khusus Rp.1.600,000,-

AJIAN SUSUK BUMI PENGLARIS
Khusus untuk mempercepat penjualan apa saja (tanah, rumah, dll) segera terjual dengan harga bagus. Juga berfungsi untuk penglaris.
Mahar Rp.400.000,-
Khusus Rp.1.600.000,-

BIKIN SUAMI LOYO/ANTI SELINGKUH
Mematikan ingatan (birahi) para suami yang suka jajan diluar dan diprogram birahinya hanya untuk istrinya meskipun berjauhan berbulan-bulan dan tidak tergoda oleh secantik apapun wanita. Sebaliknya istri yang selama ini suka berselingkuh dibikin birahinya hanya untuk suaminya. Rumah tangga anda pasti aman, tanpa ada selingkuh lagi dan harmonis. (kirimkan nama ayah, dan celana dalam pasangan anda) Mahar Rp. 500.000,-
Tingkat I Rp.1.500.000,-
Tingkat II Rp.3.000.000,-
Tingkat Sempurna Rp.5.500.000,-

CINCIN PENGASIH
Daya tarik tingkat tinggi, memperlancar rezeki, mempercepat perjodohan, menarik simpati pejabat/pimpinan, menambah lengket pasangan, dll. (kirim nama ayah) cantik dan unik. Mahar Rp. 2.000.000,-

RUWATAN SENGKOLO (RS)
Anda merasa dijahui jodoh? Lawan jenis/sejenis, yang anda lirik selalu menjauhi anda? Wajah kusam tanpa rona? Rezeki seret? Selalu dikucilkan teman? Semua sial yang ada di tubuh anda akan dibuang... dan keberuntungan akan selalu bersama anda. (nama dan nama ayah) Mahar Rp. 865.000,-

SUSUK ASAP KEMEYAN (SAK)
Merubah wajah tua menjadi muda (40 tahu kelihatan 25 tahun) bukan wajah gemerlap jadi cerah ceria dan kelihatan tampil sempurna, mengencangkan kulit wajah dan badan anda pasti tampil cantik/tampan sangat luar biasa... didepan lawan jenis/sejenis (untuk pria dan wanita) tanpa pantangan dan efek samping. Cocok buat sales, pekerja malam/hiburan/artis dan umum. (kirim nama dan nama ayah) bisa jarak jauh. Khasiat sama dengan sususk emas, berlian, dll. Mahar Rp. 865.000,- Paket II termasuk ruwatan sengkolo/sial mahar Rp. 1.600.000,-

HAEKAL PENAKLUK MAJIKAN (HPM)
Majikan yang semena-mena bawahan akan bikin tunduk, sayang dan perhatian pada bawahannya, membentengi diri dari segala serangan kebathinan. Anda bikin aman dan nyaman dalam menjalani rutinitas anda sehari-hari (nama dan nama ayah). Mahar Rp. 850.000,-

AJI GAIB PENGERETAN
Ajian gendam yang mampu menggerakkan jiwa seseorang yang kita tuju, supaya bertekuk lutut, tidak pelit serta menuruti kemauan kita. Teruji keberhasilannya. Mahar Rp. 400.000,- Khusus Rp. 1.500.000,-

BERLIAN MUSTIKA RAMA-SHINTA
Berguna membuka aura kecantikan dan ketampanan abadi, terlihat berwibawa, dihormati, disegani, awet muda sepanjang masa. Selain itu untuk pegangan hidup agar selalu jaya, karier lancar, usaha maju dan membuat percaya diri bagi pemakainya. Mahar Rp. 1.000.000,- Khusus Rp. 3.000.000,-

TALI SUKMA JIWA
Ritual khusus untuk menarik sekaligus menyatukan kembali suami/istri/kekasih yang lama atau baru berpisah (walaupun tidak keberadaannya). Insya Allah semua bisa dibuat cinta kangen rindu dan setianya menjadi tunduk dan patuh pada anda (paten dan permanen). bisa untuk orang minggat. Mahar Rp. 800.000,-
Khusus Rp.1.800.000,-

PELENGKET CINTA SERBA GUNA
Pengasihan ilmu ampuh ini berkekuatan maha dahsyat, cepat dan mujarap karena secara langsung menembus dan menguasai sukma bathin dan akal fikiran orang yang anda tuju sehingga menjadi cinta, kangen, rindu, lengket dan ingin selalu dekat pada anda, dengan sarana berjabat tangan, pandangan mata, asap rokok, makanan/minuman. Mahar Rp. 600.000,-

SUSUK SEMAR MESEM - JARAN GOYANG
Apabila sususk sudah disatukan anda tampil luar biasa, siapa yang memandang akan terpesona, daya pengasihan yang terpancar sangat dahsyat, aura yang gemerlap sungguh menakjubkan. Membuat anda cantik atau tampan, awet muda, pasangan selalu lengket, pedar aura mistis, daya tarik atau pikat, wajah bersinar, anggun mempesona, taklukkan hanya dengan senyuman. Manfaatnya lebih ampuh dari susuk apapun, setelah diselaraskan akan langsung fokus ke seluruh tubuh. Anda akan mengalami perubahan yang sangat drastis, mengagumkan serta membuat kulit dan wajah lebih bercahaya, memancarkan daya tarik yang auranya bisa langsung dirasakan orang disekeliling, memunculkan pesona kharismatik, membuat kecantikan-ketampanan secara lami, menetralisir kekuatan jahat, pelarisan, pelancaran usaha apapun, kesuksesan akan membuat anda bahagia. Mahar Wojo Rp. 750.000,-. Emas Rp. 1.000.000,- Intan Rp. 1.500.000,- Berlian Rp. 2.000.000,- Samber Lilin Rp. 3.000.000,-

SUSK TUJUH BIDADARI
TERBUKTI LUAR BIASA!!! Silahkan bercermin sebelum dipasang susuk, akan jelas kelihatan bedanya... anda akan tampil cantik sempurna dengan spontan. Lebih percaya diri AWET MUDA sepanjang masa. AURA bersinar, tampil anggun dan mempesona. Melangkah pasti dengan kecantikan tiada tara, siapapun yang memandang akan luluh hantinya, tunduk dan terpesona. Anda tmpil bak bidadari kayangan, menjadi pusat perhatian orang dan menjadu idola kaum lelaki. kulit & wajah manis berseri, tampil JOSS sempurna total dengan wajah bersinar menawan, kharismatik, daya pengasihan, memuluskan karier dan kelancaran rizqi serta bikin pasangan/suami makin lengker dan tergila-gila.
MAHAR WOJO Rp. 1.500.000,- Emas Rp. 2.000.000,- Intan Rp. 3.500.000,- Berlian Rp. 5.000.000,- Samber Lilin Rp. 7.500.000,- - 8.500.000,- - 10.000.000,-

SUSUK PENGERETAN SAPU REGEL
Sangat cocok untuk ibu-ibu yang suami pelit, pekerja malam (BAR, CAFE, DISKOTIK) sales, marketing, bisnis, agar bisa dengan mudah mendapatkan harta dari pasangan/tamu/klien, diperhatikan semua ucapan, pelarisan, pengasihan, AWET MUDA, tampil sempurna dengan wajah bersinar AYU/TAMPAN. Mahar WOJO Rp. 750.000,- Emas Rp. 1.000.000,- Intan Rp. 1.500.000,- Berlian Rp. 2.000.000,- Samber Lilin Rp. 3.000.000,-

SUSUK KANTHIL DEWI CINTA
Spesial pelarisan untuk pekerja malam, agar banyak tamu, pelanggan, memperkuat posisi istri muda/simpanan, membuka aura, kecantikan , daya tarik, awet muda, meluluhkan setiap hati pasangan/hati kaum adam. MAHAR WOJO Rp. 550.000,- Emas Rp. 1.000.000,- Intan Rp. 1.500.000,- Berlian Rp. 2.000.000,- Samber Lilin Rp. 3.000.000,-

SUSUK AURA REMBULAN
Anda sudah bosan? buka aura kemana-mana tidak ada hasilnya? Wajah gelap, kusam, umur muda kelihatan tua, kurang menarik? ini solusi yang tepat untuk anda. Mudah... tanpa pantangan dan efek samping AURA anda langsung terbuka, mengandung daya tarik, pikat yang sungguh hebat, sehingga bikin orang lainkagum, membedah total sisi AURA GELAP anda menjadi terang, membuka diri anda lebih menarik, sedap di pandang, kharismatik, faktor keberuntungan dan dampak positif akan segera anda raih. Meliputi ketenangan, keharmonisan, cinta, citra dan popularitas. Membuat diri anda lebih yakin dengan penampilan AWET MUDA, PESONA, KESUKSESAN DAN MENJADI PUSAT PERHATIAN ORANG. Mahar Wojo Rp. 750.000,- Emas Rp. 1.000.000,- Intan Rp. 1.500.000,- Berlian 2.000.000,- Samber lilin Rp. 3.000.000,-

SUSUK SAMBER LILIN
Samber lilin yang sudah disempurnakan dengan penggabungan pelet “TINGKAT TINGGI” dengan berlapis-lapis dalam proses ritual, sehingga bisa disebut Samber Lilin Pamungkas. Akan berfungsi sebagai “PANAH ASMARA” paling akurat, hanya dengan pandangan, senyuman dan tepukan, lelaki akan bertekuk lutut. Tidak mustahil pasangan akan setia selamanya. Mahar biasa Rp. 1.500.000,- Khusus Rp. 2.000.000,- Istimewa Rp. 3.000.000,-

SUSUK KEMBANG ARUM
Dengan media “Bunga Cempaka” yang sudah di ritualkan secara khusus, sehingga pnya kegaiban yang “Luar Bisa” susuk pemikat yang jarang ditemui dizaman sekarang, dapat memikat siapa saja yang diinginkan. Yang benci menjadi cinta, yang cinta semakin sayang, bahkan musuhpun bisa berbalik menjadi kasih dan sayang serta menghormati. MELOBY BISNIS & MENAGKAN TENDER, “AURA” cinta akan selalu memancar disetiap arah dan langkah, sehingga membuat yang memandang “TERPANA”. Mahar Biasa Rp. 1.000.000,- khusus Rp. 1.500.000,- Istimewa Rp. 3.000.000,-

SUSK MELATI KERATON
Tiada duanya, lengkap dan serba guna, banyak di pakai PEJABAT, ARTIS, SELEBRITIS, PENGUSAHA, & orang-orang “TERKEMUKA”. Seluruh manfaat Susuk Mega Bintang, SusukTujuh Bidadari, Susuk Semar Mesem - Jaran Goyang, Susuk pengeretan Sapu regel, Susuk Kanthil Dewi Cinta, Susuk Aura Rembulan, Susuk Samber Lilin Pamungkas dan Susuk Kembang Arum sudah jadi satu didalam Susuk Melati Keraton, sehingga siap menyongsong kesuksesan dalam waktu singkat. Mahar Emas Rp. 3.500.000,- Intan Rp. 5.500.000,- Berlian Rp. 7.500.000,- Samber Lilin Kesepakatan.

SUSUK SEMAR ASIH
Spesial Pengasihan yang luar biasa, senyuman anda akan membuat siapapun hanyut luluh, semua mata yang memandang akan terpesona, daya pengasihan yang demikian hebat akan terpancar setiap saat, meluluhkan setiap pasangan, atasan, bawahan, klien bisnis, dan menjadi pusat perhatian, lebih wibawa tapi menebar pesona. Faktor keberuntungan dan dampak positif akan secepatnya anda raih, meliputi ketenangan, keharmonisan, kesuksesan, cinta dan popularitas, sehingga membuat diri anda lebih yakin dengan penampilan pesona kesuksesan. Mahar Baja Rp. 550.000,- Emas Rp. 1.000.000,- Intan Rp. 1.500.000,- Berlian Rp. 2.000.000,- Samber Lilin Rp. 3.000.000,-

SUSUSK NYI RATU PENGERETAN
Solusi bagi ibu-ibu yang suami pelit, istri muda, pekerja malam agar pasangan lebih royal dan mudah memberi harta atau apa yang kita minta pasangan lebih sayang, marketing pelaku bisnis agar diperhatikan semua ucapan , mempengaruhi klien, menimbulkan welan asih, daya pesona yang luar bisa. Mahar Baja Rp. 550.000,- Emas Rp. 1.000.000,- Intan Rp. 1.500.000,- Berlian Rp. 2.000.000,- Samber Lilin Rp. 3.000.000,-

SUSUK RATU MALAM
Khusus pelaris pekerja malam, agar banyak tamu, pelanggan, pasangan welas asih, royal memberi harta, apa yang kita minta selalu diperhatikan, diberikan. Pelaris / Pelancar usaha apapun, menarik pembeli, pelanggan agar usaha cepat maju dan berkembang.
Mahar Baja Rp. 550.000,-
Emas Rp. 1.000.000,-
Intan Rp. 1.500.000,-
Berlian Rp. 2.000.000,-
Samber Lili Rp. 3.000.000,-

MINYAK PELET SUPER AMPUH
Cukup dioleskan di ujung jari, sekali colek langsung yang dituju keedanan dan tergila-gila baik sejenis maupun lawan jenis sekaligus dapat meruntuhkan kesombongannya.
Mahar Rp. 400.000,-
Khusus Rp.1.500.000,-

MADU SADULUR
Dikhususkan untuk para pria/suami yang sudah terlanjur memiliki istri lebih dari satu atau lebih, untuk dipersatukan agar menjadi rukun dan damai, tidak terjadi kecekcokan/menjadi akur.
Mahar Rp. 400.000,-
Khusus Rp.1.000.000,-

GANTUNG WARIS
Bagi anda yang terlambat jodoh, jangan takut dan jangan risau dengan ritual dan memakai azimat ini, Insya Allah dalam waktu 41 hari Anda akan bertemu teman dan akan menjadi jodohnya.
Mahar Rp. 800.000,-
Khusus Rp.1.400.000,-

PELET MEDIA ROKOK
Sesombong dan seangkuh orang yang anda taksir runtuh seketika bila menghirup asap rokok yang telah diisi dan dimantrai, ilmu pelet tingkat tinggi Warisan Karuhun Banten, bisa membuat korbannya tunduk takluk pasrah jiwa raga selamanya. Mahar Rp. 800.000,-

AJI PULUNG TAPAK JODOH
Dikhususkan bagi yang sulit jodoh, sering gagal dalam pacaran, sering ditolak lawan jenis. Akan segera mendapatkan jodoh idaman, tidak mengenal batas usia sekalipun anda berumur 40 tahun. Mahar Rp. 350.000,- Khusus Rp. 550.000,-

BEDAK SETABUR GILA
Setelah diusapkan wajah, pancaran daya pikat asihnya mampu meruntuhkan hati laki-laki, hanya sekejap dalam pandangan Dia sudah ada dipelukan (cocok bagi wanita yang bekerja di tempat hiburan/entertainment, bisa untuk pasangan sejenis, gay, lesbi). - Bedak ini bisa untuk mengobati penyakit kulit diwajah - Menghaluskan kulit muka. Cerah merona. Mahar Rp. 750.000,- Istimewa Rp. 2.000.000,- Garapan Khusus Mahar Rp. 3.500.000,-

RUWATAN HUBBUL JIZMI
Sangat ampuh bagi anda yang selalu ditimpa kesialan dan masalah, sulit jodoh, kerja, selalu gagal dalam bisnis dan usaha. Ritual Rp. 390.000,- Khusus Rp. 690.000,-

KHODAM PENGERETAN SUPER AMPUH
Anda sudah berkorban jiwa raga lahir bathin segala cara upaya telah anda lakukan untuk meluluhkan hati bos/majikan agar jadi loyal sekaligus menundukkan hati orang yang anda tuju, agar menuruti dan mengabulkan semua permintaan anda serta menepati janjinya dengan perantara khodam ini siapapun orang yang baik didalam maupun diluar negeri atau tinggal ditempat yang anda tidak tahu keberadaannya akan kembali datang untuk memberikan semua yang anda inginkan. Harta benda, uang atau apapun yang anda mau akan langsung diberikan dengan kesadarannya sendiri tanpa berkelit lagi dan andapun tidak harus bersusah paya membujuk dan merayunya.
Mahar I Rp.2.500.000, -
Mahar II Rp. 6.500.000,-
Mahar III Rp.12.500.000,-

INTI JARAN GOYANG
Jika sukma terjerat ajian ini, maka rasanya hanya pengen ketemu rindu menangis, kangen setelah mati, membuat sidia tergila-gila & ingin selalu dekat dengan anda.
Mahar Rp. 650.000,-
Khusus Rp. 1.300.000,-

CINCIN PENGERETAN
Cukup dipakai bagi wanita yang ingin permintaannya dituruti dan morotin harta pasangannya, cincin ini cocok untuk wanita malam atau istri simpanan (wanita matrealistis) mahar Rp. 650.000,- Khusus Rp. 2.000.000,- Istimewa Rp. 3.000.000,-

BEDAH AURA
Membuka aura yang tertutup sehingga memiliki aura yang mampu menarik banyak orang, jadikan percaya diri, karir meningkat tidak diremehkan, mudah bergaul dan wajah nampak awet muda. Mahar 590.000,- khusus Rp. 990.000,-

SUSUK SANINGTIAS (Pengeretan)
Semua keinginan anda akan dituruti. Susuk ini mempunyai daya magic tinggi. Khusus untuk pengeretan, menghabiskan uang sang pacar.
Mahar Rp. 2.000.000,- Khusus Rp.4.000.000,-

PENGLARISAN

PELARIS INTI WAQI’AH
Sebangkrut dan sesepi apapun usaha anda, Insya Allah inti Waqi’ah menjadi solusinya, cocok bagi yang ingin membuka usaha baru maupun yang sudah mengalami kebangkrutan. Bukan pelaris biasa. Mahar Rp. 350.000,- Khusus Rp. 900.000,-

KHIZIB JABALAKAT
Keselamatan lahir dan Batin mutlak anda perlukan untuk diri anda, keluarga, rumah/toko dan tempat usaha anda, dari ganguan fisik maupun gangguan gaib. Mahar Rp. 539.000,- Istimewa Rp. 2.000.000,-

PAGAR RUMAH GHOIB (PRG)
Agar rumah anda aman dari bahaya pencuri dan perampokan, rumah akan terlihat seperti lautan yang bergelombang seperti hutan belantara, bila pencuri masuk tidak akan bisa keluar (hilang kesadaran, bingung dan linglung) rumah juga terhindar dari kebakaran dll. (kirim nama dan nama ayah pemilik rumah) Mahar Rp. 800.000,- Khusus Rp. 2000.000,-

PELARIS DAGANGAN (PD)
Lesu karena kebathinan? akan dibikin laris pesat dalam waktu dekat. Dengan anda akan dipenuhi pembeli dan untung barokah. (Syarat nama dan nama ayah pemilik dagangan)
Mahar Rp. 800.000,-

PELARIS JITU JALBUR RIZQI
Sarana untuk memikat dan memperlancar bisnis atau usaha apapun yang anda jalankan, menuju kesuksesan, menarik pembeli dan berbagai arah. Juga membersihkan, memagari dan menangkal pengaruh jahat baik secara manusiawi/gaib, dari tempat lokasi maupun dari lawan bisnis anda. Mahar Rp. 1.200.000,-

PELARIS MANIK ASTAGINA
SERBAGUNA...!!! Terbuka ampuh, mau usaha apa saja, mau jual apa saja, mau kerja siang/malam. Pasti banyak pembeli, pelanggan, bisnis lancar. Cocok bagi yang mulai buka usaha sampai yang usaha sepi, menarik pembeli, pelanggan dan membuka aura tempat usaha serta diri anda.
Mahar Rp. 850.000,-

RAJA ISIM TUNGGA
Khusus untuk penglaris usaha dagang besar/kecil agar dagangannya ramai, banyak pembeli dan cepat laku. Jual tanah, rumah, kantor, pabrik dengan harga bagus. Mahar Rp.990.000,-

PELARIS/HAIKAL RIZQI
Mudah pemakaiannya, cukup ditaruh ditempat menyimpan uang, atau ditaruh diatas pintu toko, bisa menarik pelanggan dari tempat penjuru arah, usaha jadi laris manis jika ditanam bisa menangkal berbagai sihir, guna-guna, tuyul, nyumpang dan berbagai macam bentuk pasugihan.
Mahar Rp. 950.000,-

AZIMAT PULUNG PELARISAN/HAIKAL ARZAQ
Apapun jenis usaha anda, akan dibuat maju, ramai pelanggan, job mengalir, usaha sekala kecil ataupun besar sekaligus. Menangkal energi negative lawan usaha anda. Mendatangkan keberkahan hasil usaha anda. Cukup di taruh ditempat laci uang.
Mahar biasa Rp. 800.000,-
Khusus Rp. 1.600.000,-

RAJAH MUJAROBAT
Cara mempercepat menjual tanah, rumah, toko, dll. Sesuai dengan harga yang anda inginkan. Mahar Rp. 1.200.000,-

PELARIS USAHA
Apapun usaha anda besar maupun kecil dalam waktu relatif singkat akan maju pesat, untung besar, modal bertambah, laris manis, banyak pembeli dan pelanggan tetap memenangkan persaingan dagang, membersihkan sekaligus membuka kiriman black magic yang akan menutup usaha dangan anda dari segala penjuru, juga bisa untuk cepat laku jual tanah, rumah, pabrik, toko dan kendaraan, dll. Dalam waktu singkat bisa laku terjual, cocok dengan harga yang anda tawarkan.
Mahar Rp. 650.000
Khusus Rp.1.500.000,-

ASMA’ARTO
Cocok untuk pengusaha, bisnisman, pedagang, dll. Yang ingin meningkatkan pemasukan keuangan secara drastis, uang ini sanggup mendatangkan rejeki dalam waktu singkat dari segala arah. Apapun usaha anda bertambah maju & laris. Uang ini bisa diwariskan. Mahar Tk.I Rp. 500.000,- Tk.II Rp. 1.000.000,- Tk.II Rp. 2.000.000,-

PEMBUKA RIZKI (SYARAT TANAH MASJID)
Tanah yang diritualkan memiliki kekuatan penderas rizki, memperlancar usaha, bisnis yang akan bangkrut menjadi maju serta menjaga dari gangguan gaib pesaing.
Mahar Rp. 890.000,-
Khusus Rp. 2.000.000,-

Padang Lawas meliputi sektor perkebunan, pertanian, perikanan, peternakan, kehutanan dan pertambangan

2009-10-11T03:23:00.000-07:00

Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa Kabupaten Padang Lawas (Palas) yang dikenal dengan pusat pemerintahannya di Sibuhuan sebagai daerah yang memiliki potensi sumber daya alam yang sangat besar. Memang hal itu tidak bisa dibantah, karena klaim tersebut sangat didukung fakta dan kenyataan bahwa Kecamatan Sosopan, Kecamatan Ulu Barumun, Kecamatan Barumun, Lubuk Barumun, Kecamatan Sosa, Batang Lubu Sutam, Hutaraja Tinggi, Barumun Tengah dan Kecamatan Huristak sebagai wilayah cakupan Palas merupakan bumi yang menyimpan potensi pertanian dan perkebunan.

Daerah Otonom Baru (DOB) hasil pemekaran Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan yang terwujud tahun 2007 lalu ini mencapai luas 3.892,74 km bujursangkar. Berpenduduk menurut data tahun 2006 mencapai 233.933 jiwa menghuni 305 desa ditambah satu kelurahan ini sejak dulu dikenal memiliki potensi alam yang memberi peluang terbebasnya kawasan yang biasa disebut Barumun Raya tersebut dari kantong-kantong kemiskinan sebagaimana dimiliki hampir sejumlah daerah kabupaten/kota di Sumut.

Potensi Padang Lawas
Potensi alam yang dimiliki Palas dimaksud meliputi sektor perkebunan, pertanian, perikanan, peternakan, kehutanan dan pertambangan. Potensi perkebunan dan pertanian, terlihat seperti di Kecamatan Sosa, di Hutaraja Tinggi, di Kecamatan Batang Lubu Sutam, Kecamatan Sosopan, Kecamatan Barumun Tengah dan Kecamatan Huristak. Bahkan beberapa kecamatan tersebut saat ini telah menjadikan sektor perkebunan jenis kelapa sawit menjadi potensi andalan yang telah banyak merubah taraf hidup warga ke arah yang semakin membaik.

Masih dari sektor perkebunan dan pertanian di Palas, Kecamatan Sosopan malah memiliki produk andalan mulai dari Kulit Manis dengan produksi 15 ton lebih setiap minggu, produk andalan kedua Sosopan setelah kulit manis adalah karet dengan produksi 50 ton getah setiap bulan, kemudian nilam dengan produksi 25 kilogram setiap bulan dan gabah yang mencapai produksi enam ton lebih setiap musim panen (6 bulan) dari luas areal persawahan 250 hektare.

Selain itu Palas juga memiliki potensi alam yang kaya di sektor pertambangan seperti Batu Bara di Kecamatan Sosopan dan Sosa, timah hitam di Kecamatan Batang Lubu Sutam, Ulu Barumun, Kecamatan Sosa dan Sosopan. Kemudian minyak bumi di Kecamatan Barumun Tengah (Lapangan Tonga I dan Lapangan Tonga II). Itu ditambah lagi dengan bahan galian non logam seperti kapur, marmer, granit dan batu gamping di Kecamatan Sosopan serta Pasir Kuarsa di Kecamatan Huristak dan Barumun Tengah.

Berkat potensi yang dimiliki Kabupaten Padang Lawas tersebut, seperti diungkapkan sebelumnya, kehidupan warga di daerah ini sejak beberapa tahun terakhir mulai nampak semakin sejahtera. Kondisi menggembirakan ini terlihat terutama di Kecamatan Sosa, Sosa Jae, Kecamatan Barumun dan Barumun Tengah. Fakta tersebut membuat daerah ini sejak beberapa tahun terakhir dijuluki sebagai daerah dollar.

Untuk itu, tidak heran jika ditemukan banyak putra-putri dari Padang Lawas khususnya dari beberapa kecamatan tersebut di atas telah mengenyam pendidikan sampai ke jenjang pendidikan tinggi, bahkan ada beberapa di antara mereka yang sudah ke program S-2 dari berbagai disiplin ilmunya.

Tidak pantas
Namun demikian, satu hal yang tidak bisa dibantah adalah bahwa di balik peta potensi sumber daya alam yang dimiliki Kabupaten Padang Lawas yang begitu besar dan kaya, masih terlihat sejumlah pemukiman warga yang menjadi indikator bahwa penghuninya masih hidup di bawah garis kemiskinan. Artinya daerah yang begitu potensial dan kaya, rasanya tidak pantas masih memiliki warga miskin.
Mereka para warga yang berstatus pra sejahtera tersebut tidak saja ditemukan di pelosok pedesaan terpencil seperti di Kecamatan Batang Lubu Sutam, Kecamatan Hutaraja tinggi, daerah terpencil Kecamatan Sosopan (kawasan Siborna Bunut), Kecamatan Huristak dan Kecamatan Sosopan, tetapi juga banyak ditemukan tidak jauh dari Sibuhuan, ibukota Kabupaten Palas. Warga miskin tersebut ada di Kecamatan Lubuk Barumun, tepatnya sekitar Pasar Latong, bahkan ada di Kecamatan Barumun sendiri seperti wilayah Hasahatan Jae dan di Kecamatan Ulu Barumun.

Warga miskin yang berdomisili tidak jauh dari Pasar Latong misalnya, meskipun Tanah Air tercinta ini sudah 64 tahun merdeka, tetapi kondisi kehidupan mereka masih seperti kehidupan manusia Indonesia pra kemerdekaan 1945 silam. Misalnya, masih ada warga setempat yang hingga saat ini belum menikmati penerangan listrik. Bahkan ada sejumlah rumah kediaman warga di desa ini yang dindingnya terbuat dari bambu lapuk dengan model rumah berkolong berukuran seadanya.

Warga dari sejumlah desa di atas hingga saat ini masih hidup dari penghasilan sebagai buruh harian lepas (BHL) di perusahaan-perusahaan perkebunan yang beroperasi di Nagargar, Kecamatan Lubuk Barumun dengan naik truk setiap waktu shubuh. Bahkan mungkin ada yang lebih jauh lagi seperti ke perkebunan di Kecamatan Sosa dan sekitarnya.

Kita juga prihatin dengan kondisi kehidupan warga sejumlah desa di Kecamatan Batang Lubu Sutam yang juga hingga saat ini masih ada yang belum tersentuh pembangunan infrastruktur jalan. Pada usia 59 Indonesia Merdeka, tepatnya tahun 2004 yang lalu, daerah tersebut resmi menjadi kecamatan dengan ibukota Pinarik hasil pemekaran Kecamatan Sosa. Waktu itu warga banyak berharap pemekaran kecamatan akan mengubah nasib mereka. Pemerintah akan mengikutkan daerah mereka dalam peta perhatian untuk dibangun agar mereka terlepas dari keterisoliran.

Namun hingga di usia RI 64 tahun saat ini dan Kecamatan Batang Lubu Sutam telah berusia lima tahun klop, kecamatan itu belum juga ikut “merdeka” dari keterisoliran yang diderita warganya. Padahal potensi perkebunan kelapa sawit yang menjadi andalan Padang Lawas juga banyak diproduksi dari Kecamatan terisolir ini. Putra-putri bangsa yang berpendidikan juga banyak berasal dari Kecamatan Batang Lubu Sutam, bahkan tidak sedikit yang sudah ikut dan pernah menjadi pengambil kebijakan di lingkungan pemerintah.

Kondisi kehidupan masyarakat yang begitu menyayat hati, ternyata belum membuat pemerintah berpikir keras untuk melepaskan mereka yang hidup memprihatinkan itu dari kehidupan yang mereka derita yang sampai-sampai mereka merasakan belum adanya bukti dari karya nyata para pengambil keputusan di daerah ini. Mereka bahkan merasakan belum ikut “merdeka” walau negeri ini sudah 64 tahun merdeka. Padahal daerah ini memiliki potensi sumber daya alam yang begitu besar dan kaya, sehingga logika sehat mengatakan tidak pantas daerah ini memiliki warga miskin dan kawasan terisolir.

Tidak ada kata lain, daerah ini harus secepatnya lepas dari kemiskinan dan kawasan terisolir. Untuk itu, Bupati Basyarah Lubis dan Wakil Bupati H. Tongku Ali Sutan Harahap (TSO) harus mencari solusi guna merubah daerah ini. Karya nyata KDH dan Wakil KDH Padang Lawas sudah ditunggu masyarakat. Hendaknya daerah ini terlepas dari peta kemiskinan dan kawasan terisolir pada tahun 2012 nanti. Resepnya adalah karya nyata dan ide segar sang Bupati dan Wakil Bupati, karena tidak ada alasan daerah ini tidak mampu untuk lepas dari dua keprihatinan di atas, jika dilihat dari potensi daerah yang dimiliki Padang Lawas. Semoga terwujud. Amien. Kutipan dari: http://www.waspada.co.id

Kuasa Hukum PT Hasilindo Sawita Ciptama Tris Widodo SH, Sikap PT MAI Memortal Jalan Umum Sungai Korang Padang Lawas Harus Diakhiri

2009-10-11T03:03:00.000-07:00

Sikap managemen perusahaan perkebunan PT Mazuma Agro Indonesia (MAI) di Desa Sungai Korang, Kecamatan Huta Raja Tinggi, Kabupaten Padang Lawas (Palas) sudah terlalu berlebihan dan harus diakhiri. Pemortalan jalan umum oleh perusahaan tersebut berakibat kesengsaraan bagi masyarakat khususnya pemilik kebun sawit di dalam lokasi jalan masuk perkebunan itu.

“Sikap perusahaan itu harus dihentikan dengan cara membuka portal tersebut. Jika tidak, maka kesengsaraan warga yang punya kebun sawit akan meluas sebab tidak dapat mengangkut buah sawitnya untuk dijual ke pabrik,” ujar Tris Widodo SH kuasa hukum/ pengacara PT Hasilindo Sawita Ciptama (HSC) kepada wartawan di Padangsidimpuan, Sabtu (29/8) seputar pemortalan jalan umum tersebut. PT HSC juga dilarang melintasi jalan itu dengan alasan yang tidak masuk akal, ujarnya.

Lebih lanjut dikatakannya, tidak ada alasan bagi PT MAI yang bergerak di perkebunan kelapa sawit untuk melakukan pemortalan jalan umum, karena telah melanggar Peraturan Daerah dan UU tentang jalan, sehingga PT MAI sudah selayaknya dipidanakan, ujar Tris Widodo SH.

Tris Widodo mengharapkan agar Pemkab Palas segera bertindak membongkar portal jalan dan selanjutnya mempidana-kan pihak perusahaan PT MAI yang melakukan pemortalan jalan umum.

Harusnya Pemkab bersikap tegas dan tidak usah ragu karena demi kepentingan masyarakat pemakai jalan di sana. Walupun itu portal dijaga oleh puluhan aparat security dari PT MAI dan dibantu aparat dari kesatuan tertentu, Pemerintah tidak boleh lemah. Karena jika dibiarkan akan dapat menimbulkan dampak kekhawatiran bakal terjadinya konflik horizontal di wilayah tersebut.
Semua orang tahu kalau jalan umum tersebut merupakan satu-satunya jalan untuk keluar dari lokasi kebun menuju jalan Negara Sibuhuan-Pakan Baru dan dibuktikan dengan dibangunnya jembatan sungai Batang Kumu oleh Pemkab Tapsel (sebelum pemekaran-red) yang dananya bersumber dari APBD. Anehnya, kok sekarang malah diklaim oleh PT MAI bahwa jalan tersebut jalan milik PT MAI dan memortalnya sesuka hatinya saja dengan alasan harus ada kumpulan dana untuk merawatnya, sementara truk milik PT MAI paling banyak memanfaatkan fasilitas jalan tersebut. “Itukan sama dengan pungli yang dilakukan PT MAI,” ujar Tris Widodo.

Pemkab Palas harus segera melakukan tindakan tegas terhadap sikap PT MAI agar Pemda lebih berwibawa di mata masyarakat maupun pemilik kebun yang ada di lokasi tersebut, apalagi persoalan pemortalan jalan tersebut sudah dibawa pada musyawarah Muspida pada tanggal 18 Agustus lalu. Segera lakukan tindakan tegas terhadap PT MAI untuk membuka portal jalan sebab jalan tersebut sudah milik umum dan pembangunan jembatan yang ada di lokasi tersebut bersumber dari uang rakyat, tegasnya.

Seperti telah diberitakan, PT MAI melakukan pemortalan jalan umum di Sungan Korang sehingga masyarakat tidak dapat melintasi jalan untuk mengangkut buah sawit, termasuk PT HSC dan R Hutapea. Masalah tersebut telah dibawa ke ajang musyawarah antara Muspida Palas dengan pihak PT MAI pada tanggal 18 Agustus 2009 lalu agar portal jalan segera dibuka, namun sama sekali tidak ditanggapi oleh pihak PT MAI dan portal masih berdiri di sana yang dikawal sekuriti perusahaan itu. (T7/m) Kutipan dari: http://padanglawas.web.id

Padang Lawas Diprediksi KLB Campak & Polio : Dinkes Lakukan Imunisasi 6-24 Oktober

2009-10-11T03:02:00.000-07:00

Berdasarkan survei serta rekomondasi Dinas Kesehatan Sumut dan Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan, tahun 2009 ini Kabupaten Padang Lawas dikhawatirkan berstatus Kejadian Luar Biasa atau KLB penyakit campak dan folio. Campak dan polio diprediksi akan mewabah di kalangan anak-anak dan balita karena lemahnya faktor kesehatan lingkungan dan kebersihan lingkungan.

Mendapati hasil survei itu, Dinas Kesehatan dan Sosial (Diskesos) Padang Lawas langsung mengelar sosialisasi imunisasi tambahan campak dan polio, Selasa (1/9) di Aula Gedung Akbid Baruna Husada Sibuhuan, Jalan KH Dewantara Sibuhuan Kecamatan Barumun. Sosialisasi ini diikuti 50 peserta yang terdiri dari kepala puskesmas dari 9 kecamatan, juru imuninasasi dari Puskesmas dan tokoh agama, masyarakat, dan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM).

Plt Kadis Dinas Kesehatan dan Sosial Palas, dr H Taslim Hasan yang membuka acara kegiatan sosialisasi imunisasi campak dan polio mengatakan, setelah sosialisasi ini digelar, seluruh lapisan masyarakat diharapkan bekerjasama mensosialisaikan kepada kalangan ibu rumah tangga, khususnya yang memiliki balita dan anak- anak.

Untuk itu, kata dr Taslim, ibu-ibu diharapkan membawa anak-anak dan bayinya ke pos-pos Pekan Imunasisasi Nasional (PIN) terdekat yang telah dipersiapkan mulai tingkat desa dan kecamatan, untuk mendapatkan imunisasi campak dan polio yang akan digelar mulai 6-24 Oktober mendatang.

Terpisah, Kepala Bidang Pencegahan Penyuluhan Penyakit (P2 P) Diskesos Palas, Gojali Amk SE, mengimbau seluruh peserta sosialisasi yang hadir untuk menginformasikan pelaksanaan imunisasi campak dan polio kepada masyarakat.

"Khususnya kalangan ibu rumah tangga yang memiliki balita yang umurnya 5 tahun ke bawah agar datang ke pos-pos PIN imunisasi campak dan polio yang telah tersedia di desa maupun di kecamatan. Ini untuk mengantisipasi penyebaran penyakit campak dan polio yang dikhawatirkan akan mewabah jika tidak langsung dicegah," katanya.

Gojali menambahkan, imunisasi tambahan campak dan polio merupakan tambahan dari imunisasi rutin yang selama ini dilaksanakan. "Karena sesuai hasil survei dan rekomondasi Dinkes Sumut, tahun 2009 ini, Palas bakal mengalami KLB campak dan polio," sebut Gojali. Kutipan dari: http://padanglawas.web.id

Bupati Padang Lawas Basyrah Lubis : Demi Kepentingan Umum Kita Akan Bongkar Paksa Portal Itu

2009-10-11T02:59:00.000-07:00

Bupati Padang Lawas (Palas) Basyrah Lubis mengatakan , pihaknya akan bersikap tegas, membongkar paksa portal yang dibuat oleh PT Mazuma Agro Indonesia (MAI) karena sudah merugikan masyarakat, terutama pengusaha perkebunan kelapa sawit yang ada di kawasan itu. “Dengan alasan apapun, perusahaan tersebut tidak bisa seenaknya memortal jalan, apalagi jalan umum,” ujar bupati kepada wartawan SIB melalui telepon selulernya, Senin (31/8).

Lebih lanjut dikatakannya, ketidakhadiran pihak PT MAI ketika rapat Muspida plus dilaksanakan, tanggal 18 Agustus 2009 menimbulkan tanda tanya mengenai itikad baik perusahaan perkebunan kelapa sawit itu.

Kita buat surat undangan guna membahas pembukaan portal, tapi mereka tidak hadir dengan alasan ada kegiatan yang bersamaan waktunya. Alasan itu bisa saja mereka buat seperti itu, tapi kita tetap teguh pada pendirian, portal harus dibuka.

Mempertegas hasil musyawarah Muspida plus tersebut pihak Pemkab Palas sudah menyurati PT MAI agar membuka portal. Jika tidak dibuka, maka akan dibongkar paksa demi kepentingan masyarakat banyak. Menurut Bupati Basyrah, bahwa hingga saat ini surat Pemkab itu belum ada tanggapan dari pihak PT MAI. Jika perusahaan itu tidak menggubris surat kita maka akan kita lakukan tindakan tegas.

“Kita sangat mendukung investor masuk ke daerah ini untuk memajukan perekonomian masyarakat Padang Lawas. Tetapi, kalau pengusahanya arogan seperti memortal jalan umum maka kita harus buat perhitungan,” ujar bupati. Mengenai surat Pemkab ke PT MAI, bupati mengatakan bahwa Sekdakab yang tahu persis.

Sementara Sekdakab Palas Syahrul Mulia Harahap dikonfirmasi SIB mengatakan bahwa pihaknya sudah menyurati secara resmi pihak PT MAI agar membuka portal tersebut. “Kita sudah surati perusahaan itu dan sudah beritahu kalau Muspida sudah rapat soal portal jalan, namun hingga saat ini belum ada tanggapan,” ujarnya.

Begitupun pihak Pemkab juga mengirim surat kepada PT MAI dan kepada perusahaan terkait agar duduk bersama menyelesaikan kasus pemortalan itu. Rabu (2/9) ini merupakan penentuannya, apakah portal dibuka atau tidak. “Jika dibuka yah terima kasih , tapi kalau tidak dibuka maka kita bersama Muspida akan buat tindakan membuka secara paksa karena sudah merugikan masyarakat,”ujar Sekda. (T7/p). Kutipan dari: http://padanglawas.web.id

Mahasiswa siap kawal eksekusi register 40

2009-10-11T02:58:00.000-07:00

Mahasiswa siap mengawal dan mengawasi setiap proses pelaksanaan eksekusi lahan perkebunan kelapa sawit seluas 47 ribu hektar dalam kawasan register 40, di kabupaten Padang Lawas, Sumatera Utara demi terwujudnya kepentingan masyarakat kecil.

Menurut ketua umum pengurus pusat Gerakan Mahasiswa Padang Lawas, Ansor Harahap, siang ini, mengatakan setelah bertahun-tahun, eksekusi terhadap register 40 akhirnya ditetapkan meski ada penolakan yang mengatasnamakan pemuda dan masyarakat.

Sesuai putusan MA No.2642/K/PID/2006 dalam eksekusi tersebut, akan dilakukan tahapan eksekusi dilapangan, seperti pengambilalihan manajemen secara langsung oleh negara pada perusahaan yang terdapat dalam wilayah eksekusi termasuk PT.Torganda dan koperasi Bukit Harapan.

"Dalam pada ini kami para mahasiswa yang turut aktif mendorong dan memantau pelaksanaan eksekusi ini juga menyatakan akan terus dan siap mengawal setiap proses serta tahapan lanjutan eksekusi tersebut," katanya.

Hal itu bukanlah akhir dari perjuangan mahasiswa dan pemuda terhadap masalah register 40 tersebut, tetapi baru salah satu titik keberhasilan yang membutuhkan pengawalan yang lebih ketat dan terarah lagi.

"Kita tidak ingin pemerintah jadi kapitalis kedua setelah perusahaan yang selama ini mengeksploitasi kekayaan alam negara, kita pro aktif mendiskusikan masalah ini," tegasnya.

Mahasiswa Padang Lawas juga minta seluruh pihak, untuk tidak melakukan skenario dan konspirasi dibalik layar untuk mempengaruhi kemurnian proses hukum dan keberpihakan dalam pelaksanaan eksekusi tersebut.

"Semua pihak harus membantu, baik dalam pengambilalihan manajemen atau aset register, perusahaan juga diminta untuk mempermudah negara dalam melakukan tahapan eksekusi dilapangan," ucapnya.

Mereka juga menuntut penanganan yang lebih transparan serta akuntabilitas publik harus dikedepankan dalam tahapan lanjutan eksekusi itu, agar tidak menimbulkan praduga yang negatif terhadap pemerintah serta menghindari adanya oknum-oknum mengambil keuntungan. katanya. Kutipan dari: http://padanglawas.web.id

Jualan di Lapangan Merdeka Sibuhuan Pedagang Musiman Dikutip Rp1 Juta

2009-10-11T02:56:00.000-07:00

Selama bulan Ramadan, Lapangan Merdeka Sibuhuan, Padang Lawas, menjadi lokasi berjualan bagi para pedagang musiman untuk mengais rezeki. Berbagai dagangan digelar seperti pakaian, sepatudan perlengkapan untuk Lebaran. Namun di balik itu pihak Kecamatan Barumun melakukan pengutipan sebesar Rp200 ribu hingga Rp1 juta per bulan setiap pedagang. Alasan pengutipan, untuk retribusi dan tempat berjualan.

Kepada wartawan koran ini, para pedagang menyampaikan keluh kesahnya. Kata mereka, sebelum berjualan mereka harus menyetor sejumlah uang mulai Rp200 ribu hingga Rp1 juta. Uang itulah kata para pedagang terlalu memberatkan. Pasalnya, keuntungan dari berjualan tidaklah seberapa.

Dua orang pedagang pakaian asal Medan, Jimmy dan Adek mengaku harus menyetor Rp1 juta kepada pihak Kecamatan Barumun. Uang sebesar itu sebagai sewa lokasi berjualan selama 1 bulan.

"Kita berjualan pakaian pakaian, sendal, dan mainan anak-anak. Harga yang kita tawarkan sangat murah jadi semua masyarakat bisa membeli dan bisa digunakan di hari Lebaran," kata Jimmy.

Sementara Adek mengatakan, sebelum berjualan mereka harus permisi kepada pihak kecamatan. "Kita diharuskan bayar uang kebersihan dan sewa lokasi sebesar Rp1 juta oleh pihak Kecamatan Barumun. Tentu hal sangat memberatkan, apalagi daya beli masyarakat masih kecil," tuturnya lesu karena pembeli memang masih terlihat sepi mengunjungi tempat berjualannya.

Pengakuan Adek juga dibewnarkan Kepala Pasar Sibuihuan, Firman Nasution. Kata Firman, setiap pedagang yang mengelar daganganya di lokasi Lapangan Merdeka wajib membayar uang sewa lokasi sebasar Rp1–2 Juta untuk 1 bulan. Kutipan dari: http://padanglawas.web.id

Keturunan Raja Padanglawas Menolak Eksekusi Lahan DL Sitorus

2009-10-11T02:55:00.000-07:00

Eksekusi terhadap 47 ribu hektare lahan milik Darianus Lungguk Sitorus atas nama Koperasi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit (KPKS) Bukit Harapan, Koperasi Pasub PT Torganda dan PT Torus Ganda, dinilai diskriminatif.

Masyarakat dan keturunan Luhat (Kerajaan) di Kabupaten Padang Lawas dan Padang Lawas Utara, Sumatera Utara, menentang eksekusi tersebut dan akan melakukan perlawanan.

Mereka menilai lahan yang dulunya diklaim warga hanya berupa ilalang, sejak 1998 dengan bantuan modal D.L. Sitorus terpidana delapan tahun penjara dan denda Rp 5 miliar telah memberikan keuntungan kepada masyarakat tiap bulannya melalui pengelolaan lahan dengan sistem perkebunan inti rakyat (PIR).

Kejaksaan Tinggi Sumatera Utara pada 26 Agutus lalu telah melakukan eksekusi 47 ribu perkebunan sawit milik D.L. Sitorus itu dan menyerahkannya kepada pemerintahan Sumatera Utara melalui Dinas Kehutanan.

Asisten Tindak Pidana Khusus, Agoes Djaja, mengatakan eksekusi dilakukan dengan penandatanganan berkas Berita Acara Penyerahan Barang Rampasan, tindak lanjut dari putusan (kasasi) Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2642. Selanjutnya, proses pengelolaan akan diserahkan kepada negara, yakni Departemen Kehutanan.

Keturunan Raja Luhat Unjung Batu, Muhammad Lubuk Hasibuan bergelar Tongku Lubuk Raya, menganggap eksekusi yang dilakukan diskriminatif. "Kami akan melakukan perlawanan. Lahan itu adalah lahan ulayat kami," kata Hasibuan kepada wartawan, Sabtu (5/9) malam kemarin.

Ia mengatakan kepemilikan lahan itu berdasarkan bukti berupa keputusan Pengadilan Negeri Sidempuan tahun 1992 yang menyatakan lahan 178.500 hektare di area itu termasuk 47 ribu hektare lahan yang dieksekusi sebagai lahan ulayat. Begitu juga 1.820 sertifikat yang dimiliki warga.

"Ini diskriminatif. Kenapa lahan milik ulayat di Sumatera tidak diakui, tapi di Jawa sana diakui (pemerintah)," tegasnya.

Tim Advokat masyarakat Padang Lawas, Sarluhut Napitupulu, menuding eksekusi yang telah dilakukan melanggar hak asasi manusia, sebab dalam satu objek perkara ada tiga putusan hukum, "pidana, perdata, dan tata usaha negara," ujarnya.

Untuk perkara perdata, keabsahan sertifikat 1.820 yang dimiliki masyarakat dinyatakan sah oleh pengadilan. "Pengadilan Tinggi Medan pada tingkat banding memutuskan sertifikat itu sah, dan jaksa mengajukan kasasi (belum putus)," kata Sarluhut.

Begitu juga dengan putusan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Jakarta dan PK Mahkamah Agung yang menyidangkan perkara surat Menteri Kehutanan yang mencabut hak (KPKS Bukit Harapan) mengelola lahan. "Di tingkat PT, putusan kasasi Mahkamah Agung, dan PK Mahkamah Agung membatalkan dan menolak PK Menteri Kehutanan atas surat pencabutan hak mengelola Nomor 5149 Tahun 2004," tegas Sarluhut.

Tapi, lanjut Sarluhut, keputusan itu tidak dieksekusi. "Ini pelanggaran HAM dan masyarakat akan melaporkan kepada Komnas HAM," ujarnya. (tmc/int) Kutipan dari: http://padanglawas.web.id

Operasi Pasar Murah di Sibuhuan, Hutalombang dan Latong : Harga Minyak Goreng Rp6 Ribu per Liter

2009-10-11T02:54:00.000-07:00

Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan dan UKMK Kabupaten Padang Lawas, bekerjasama dengan PT Permata Hijau Group (PHG) Hutarajatinggi, selaku corporate social responsibilty (produsen,red) minyak goreng di tanah air, menggelar operasi pasar minyak goreng murah, untuk masyarakat selama tiga hari, mulai Selasa (8/9) sampai Kamis (10/9). Dalam operasi ini minyak goreng dijual dengan harga Rp6 ribu per liter.

Operasi pasar ini digelar di wilayah kerja operasional perusahaan yang mencakup 3 lokasi, yaitu, Pasar Sibuhuan Kecamatan Barumun, Hutalombang dan Pasar Latong Kecamatan Lubuk Barumun.

Budi Chandra selaku KDP Permata Hijau Group (PHG) wilayah Kabupaten Padang Lawas, kepada METRO di sela operasi pasar mengatakan, selaku CSR atau produsen yang memeroduksi minyak goreng (Migor), maka sesuai hasil rapat Kabinet Direktorat Jendral Perdagangan Dalam Negeri untuk melakukan stabilisasi harga minyak goreng di pasaran, berdasarkan surat Nomor : 10/PDN/1/2009, tanggal 16 Januari 2009, tentang hal penjualan langsung migor dari produsen ke konsumen, maka digelar penjualan langsung untuk masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah yang berada di wilayah Barumun, Lubuk Barumun, yang merupakan wilayah kerja opersional perusahaan .

Dikatakannya, digelarnya operasi pasar migor merupakan kewajiban sosial produsen untuk membantu masyarakat mendapatkan minyak goreng dengan harga yang terjangkau dari harga di pasaran. Di mana, harga minyak goring di pasaran bebas mencapai Rp8.500-9.000 per liter, sedangkan di lokasi opersi pasar dijual dengan harga Rp6.000 per liter.

"Kita berharap, animo masyarakat untuk membeli migor dengan digelarnya operasi pasar mendapat sambutan yang baik," harapnya.

Semenatara Kadis Perindagkop, H Muda Hamonangan Siregar didampingi Kabid Perdagangan, Drs Dingin Rambe, Kasi Pembinaan usaha dan pendaftaran usaha dagang , Sugriwo SPd, mengatakan, implementasi penjualan langsung migor tersebut, merupakan koordinasi anatar perusahan produsen dengan pemerintah setempat melalui jaringan penjualan langsung kepada konsumen serta memberikan fasilitasi dengan laporan aktivitas penyelengraaan penjualan selaku contact person .

Muda mengatakan, mengantisipasi kenaikan harga bahan pokok dan sembako menghadapi lebaran atau hari besar Nasional, maka sesuai surat edaran Gubsu, perlu dilaksanakan antisipasi di seluruh kabupaten/ kota melakukan operasi Pasar murah, untuk memenuhi pasokan dan kelancaran distribusi dan stabilisasi harga pangan dan pokok serta pengawasan mutu sebagai produk. Kutipan dari: http://padanglawas.web.id

Lebaran, Candi Bahal Ramai Dikunjungi

2009-10-11T02:53:00.000-07:00

Libur Lebaran menjadi alasan warga yang mengunjungi tempat-tempat wisata, seperti Candi Bahal di Kabupaten Padang Lawas Utara, di Desa Bahal Kecamatan Portibi Kabupaten Padang Lawas Utara.

Pantauan METRO, sejak hari pertama Lebaran hingga hari ketiga pengunjung tidak pernah kurang dari seribu orang yang datang. Di tempat itu jumlah pengunjung meningkat hingga tiga kali lipat jika dibandingkan dengan hari biasa. Kepadatan pengunjung diperkirakan masih akan terus berlangsung hingga sepekan lebaran.

Salahseorang pengunjung Jay Harahap(45) asal Gunung Tua, mengaku, sengaja datang ke Candi Bahal untuk mengobati rasa penasaran istri dan anaknya untuk melihat langsung kemegahan candi bahal.

"Saya selama ini merantau ke Bandung dek dan dapat istri orang asli sana. Mumpung sekarang bisa pulang kampung, sekalian saja membawa mereka jalan-jalan ke sini. Soalnya mereka penasaran sekali ingin melihat langsung kemegahan Candi Bahal dan Buah Balakka yang tumbuh menghiasi Candi Bahal" ucapnya

Sementara di tempat terpisah, Indra Harahap(25) Mahasiswa pascasarjana Hukum Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU), menuturkan, Candi Bahal merupakan aset besar dan merupakan potensi besar yang dimiliki oleh Kabupaten Paluta guna menggerakkan sektor ekonomi dari sektor pariwisata.

Candi Bahal memiliki daya tarik tersendiri bagi para wisatawan lokal apalagi saat lebaran dan hari keagamaan lainnya. Namun, sampai saat ini, sepertinya belum maksimal upaya dari pemerintah untuk menggerakkan sektor ekonomi melalui keberadaan objek wisata tersebut,

"Candi Bahal ini boleh dikatakan satu-satunya objek wisata sejarah yang diandalkan di kabupaten Paluta.dan menjadi harapan wisatawan untuk tempat rekreasi, tapi sayang kondisi pengelolaannya sepenuhnya belum diperhatikan. Ditambah lagi kenyataan bahwa tidak ada promosi dan publikasi yang gencar terkait dengan obyek wisata ini, sehingga terkesan obyek wisata dibiarkan terlantar," tukasnya. (thg) Kutipan dari: http://padanglawas.web.id

"SILAHISABUNGAN: satu versi awal mula marga DAULAY (DAOLAE / DAHO LAE)"

2009-10-11T02:35:00.001-07:00

Data yang dikumpulkan dari berbagai buku maupun turi-turian, bahwa Raja Silahisabungan mempunyai 2(dua) isteri.

Isteri pertama adalah Pinggan Matio boru Padang Batangari dan bermukim di Silalahi Nabolak dan isteri kedua adalah Milingiling boru Mangarerak.

Dari boru Pinggan Matio, Raja Silahisabungan memiliki tujuh (7) putra dan satu (1) putri. Sedangkan dari boru Milingiling, Silahisabungan memiliki seorang putra. Kedelapan putra Raja Silahisabungan dan seorang putri tersebut secara singkat dapat dijelaskan seperti dibawah ini.
Dari isteri pertama lahir sbb:

1. Haloho (Loho Raja)
2. Tungkir (Tungkir Raja)
3. Rumasondi (Sondi Raja)
4. Dabutar (Butar Raja)
5. Dabariba (Bariba Raja)
6. Debang (Debang Raja)
7. Pintubatu (Batu Raja)
8. Siboru Deang Namora.

Dari isteri kedua lahir satu putra yaitu:
1. Tambun(Tambun Raja)

1. Haloho (Loho Raja) menikah dengan boru tulangnya Rumbani boru Padang Batangari dan bermukim di Silalahi nabolak.Keturunannya sebagian pindah ke Paropo, Tolping, Pangururan, Parbaba. Haloho memiliki 3 putra yaitu : Sinaborno, Sinapuran, dan Sinapitu. Pada umumnya keturunannya memakai marga Sihaloho, dan hingga dewasa ini belum ada cabang marga ini.

2. Tungkir (Tungkir Raja) menikah dengan Pinggan Haomasan boru Situmorang dan bermukim juga di Silalahi nabolak. Pasangan ini juga memiliki 3 putra yaitu : Sibagasan, Sipakpahan dan Sipangkar. Keturunannya pada umumnya memakai marga Situngkir terutama Sibagasan dan Sipakpahan, sedangkan keturunan Sipangkar sebagian besar telah memakai Sipangkar sebagai marga.

3. Rumasondi (Sondi Raja) menikah dengan Nagok boru Purba Siboro. Pasangan ini juga bermukim di Silalahi nabolak. Keturunannya yaitu Rumasingap membuka perkampungan di Paropo.Rumasondi memiliki putra sbb : Rumasondi, Rumasingap, dan Rumabolon. Umumnya keturunannya memakai marga Rumasondi dan sebagaian memakai marga Silalahi (di balige) dan bahkan Rumasingap juga dipakai sebagai cabang marga. Demikian juga Doloksaribu, Nadapdap, Naiborhu, Sinurat, telah digunakan sebagai cabang marga dan masuk rumpun marga Rumasondi.

4. Dabutar (Butar Raja) menikah dengan Lagumora Sagala. Mereka juga tinggal di Silalahi Nabolak. Dabutar ini mempunyai tiga putra yaitu : Rumabolon, Ambuyak, dan Rumatungkup. Umumnya keturunannya memakai marga Sinabutar atau Sinamutar bahkan Sidabutar.

5. Dabariba Raja (Baba Raja) menikah dengan Sahat Uli boru Sagala. Mereka bermukim di Silalahi nabolak. Keturunannya memakai marga Sidabariba atau Sinabariba. Putranya berjumlah tiga yaitu : Sidabariba Lumbantonga, Sidabariba Lumbandolok, Sidabariba Toruan. Mereka ini pada umumnya memakai marga Sidabariba.

6. Debang (Debang Raja) menikah dengan Panamenan boru Sagala, juga bermukim di Silalahi nabolak. Keturunannya sebagaian menyebar ke Paropo. Debang Raja mempunyai 3 putra : Parsidung, Siari dan Sitao. Umumnya keturunannya memakai marga Sidebang atau Sinabang.

7. Pintu Batu (Batu Raja) menikah dengan Bunga Pandan boru Sinaga, juga tinggal di Silalahi nabolak. Memiliki 3 putra yaitu : Hutabalian, Lumbanpea, Sigiro. Keturunannya menggunakan marga Pintu Batu, tetapi keturunan Sigiro sebagian memakai marga Sigiro.

8. Tambun (Tambun Raja) adalah putra Raja Silahisabungan dari si boru Milingiling. Ketika masih remaja, Tambun meninggalkan Silalahi nabolak menemui ibu kandungnya di Sibisa Uluan. Tambun menikah dengan Pinta Haomasan boru Manurung dan bermukim di Sibisa. Dari Sibisa keturunannya berserak ke Huta Silombu, Huta Tambunan dan Sigotom Pangaribuan. Putra Raja Tambun berjumlah tiga orang yaitu : Tambun Mulia, Tambun Saribu, Tambun Marbun. Umumnya keturunannya memakai marga Tambun dan Tambunan, bahkan diantaranya memakai marga Baruara, Pagaraji, Ujung Sunge,Lumpan Pea.

Disamping marga-marga yang disebut di atas, Anak-anak Raja Silahisabungan dari isteri pertama memakai marga Silalahi. Sedangkan keturunan Tambun tetap menggunakan marga Tambun (oleh keturunan Tambun Uluan) atau Tambunan (oleh keturunan Tambun Koling).

PODA SAGU SAGU MARLANGAN

Poda sagu-sagu marlangan muncul karena munculnya pertengkaran antara Anak-anak Raja Silahisabungan dengan Si Raja Tambun yang mendapat perhatian lebih dari Ibunya Pinggan Matio dibandingakan anaknya yang lain, kemudian Raja Silahisabungan menyuruh Pinggan Mation menempa Sagu – sagu Marlangan berbentuk manusia yang ditaruh di kedalaman ampang ( Sejenis bakul). Kemudian SilahiSabungan memanggil seluruh putra putrinya dan Isterinya mengelilingi Sagu-sagu Marlangan dan kemudian menyampaikan pesan (WASIAT) yang isinya seperti dibawah ini :

HAMU ANAKKU NA UALU :
1. INGKON MASIHAHOLONGAN MA HAMU SAMA HAMU RO DI POMPARANMU, SISADA ANAK SISADA BORU NA SO TUPA MASIOLIAN, TARLUMOBI POMPARANMU NA PITU DOHOT POMPARAN NI SI RAJA TAMBUN ON.
2. INGKON HUMOLONG ROHAMU NA PITU DOHOT POMPARANMU TU BORU POMPARAN NI ANGGIMU SI RAJA TAMBUN ON, SUWANG SONGON I NANG HO RAJA TAMBUN DOHOT POMPARANMU INKON HUMOLONG ROHAM DI BORU POMPARAN NI HAHAM NA PITU ON.
3. TONGKA DOHONONMU NA UALU NA SO SAAMA SAINA HAMU TU PUDIAN NI ARI.
4. TONGKA PUNGKAON BADA MANANG SALISI TU ARI NA NAENG RO
5. MOLO ADONG PARBADAAN MANANG PARSALISIHAN DI HAMU, INGKON SIAN TONGA – TONGAMU MASI TAPI TOLA, SIBAHEN UMUM NA TINGKOS NA SOJADI MARDINKAN, JALA NA SO TUPA HALAK NA HASING PASAEHON.

Kemudian Raja Silahisabungan duduk dan menyuruh anak-naknya menjamah sagu – sagu marlangan itu tanda kesetiaan dan ikrar yang harus djunjung tingga. ke 8 anak Raja Silahisabungan menjamah Sagu – sagu marlangan itu dan berkata :” Sai dipargogoi Mulajadi Nabolon ma hami dohot pomparan nami mangulahon poda na nilehonmi amang,” kata mereka bergantian. Kemudian Raja Silahisabungan berkata, barang siapa yang melanggar wasiat ini seperti sagu – sagu marlangan inilah tidak berketurunan, ingkon mago jalan pupur.” Katanya.

BERITA KETURUNAN SIRAJA TAMBUN
Si Raja Tambun yang dinobatkan menjadi “Raja Boru “ di Sibisa dengan nama Raja Itano , tidak kembali lagi ke Silalahi Nabolak , Ia bersama Pintahaomasan br. Manurung tetap tinggal di Sibisa dan di berikan Tuhan 3 ( tiga ) orang anak laki – laki, yaitu : Tambun Mulia , Tambun Saribu dan Tambun Marbun . Tambun Mulia mempunyai 2 (dua ) anak laki – laki , yaitu : Tambun Uluan dan tambun Holing. Tambun Uluan tetap tinggal di Uluan, keturunannya memakai Marga Tambun. Tambun Holing pergi ke Tambunan sekarang dan mempunyai anak laki – laki 3 (tiga ) orang, Yaitu : Raja Ujungsunge, tuan Pagar Aji dan Datu Tambunan Toba. Seorang anak Tuan Pagar Aji, bernama Mata Sopiak pergi ke Angkola keturunannya memakai marga DAULAY (DAOLAE / DAHO LAE).

Datu Tambunan Toba mempunyai 3 (tiga) orang anak laki laki , yaitu Raja Baruara , Datu Gontam (Lumban Pea )dan Raja Parsingati (Lumban Gaol) Keturunan Tambun holing pada umumnya memakai marga Tambunan,dan banyak yang pergi ke Sigotom .

Menurut tradisi dan tarombo Siraja Tambun ,Tambun Saribu mempunyai 3 orang anak laki – laki, yaitu : Doloksaribu , Sinurat dan Nadapdap, tetapi Tambun Marbun belum jelas ketunannya. Menurut turasi dan tarombo Raja Silambungan , keturunan Siraja Bunga – bunga ( siraja Parmahan ) yang tinggal di hinalang Balige kembali membuat sagu – sagu marlangan di Onan Raja Tambunan untuk mengingat “ poda sagu – sagu marlangan “yang di buat Raja Silahisabungan di Silalahi Nabolak .

Dengan adanya turasi dan tarombo Siraja Tambun yang menyatakan Doloksaribu , Sinurat dan Nadapdap keturunan Tambun Saribu maka timbul permasalahan karena pada umumnya marga Doloksaribu, Sinurat dan Nadapdap mengaku keturunan Siraja Parmahan yang memakai marga Silalahi . Untuk memurnikan Poda sagu – sagu marlangan maka di anjurkan agar keturunan Siraja Parmahan memakai Silalahi

Asal muasal tercipta nya nama marga Daulay tau nggak ???

2009-10-11T02:22:00.001-07:00

Horas.. Daulay.
Menurut cerita yang saya dengar nih.. Memang dulu ada Perantau dari Tanah Toba namanya Parmata Sapihak. Dia merantau ke Selatan. Dan membawa beberapa kerabat. Parmata Sapihak lah yang menjadi penunjuk arah ke arah yang dituju. Perjalanan yang jauh membuat semua kerabat bingung dan terus bertanya. Mereka selalu menanyakan letak lokasi yang di tuju, apa maseh jauh atau udah dekat : "Dau do Lae? itu terus yang mereka tanyakan kepada Parmata Sapihak. Parmata Sapihak hanya bisa membalas dengan berkata : "Dau Lae. Karena perjalanan nya yang panjang dan melelahkan maka terjadilah terus menerus percakapan seperti itu. Maka dari itu nama Dau Lae melekat pada nama Parmata Sapihak. Dianggap sebagai gelar, karena sudah menunjukkan jalan/lokasi untuk bermukim (kampung) untuk mereka. Seiring jaman, nama

Dau Lae berganti menjadi Daulay seperti yang sekarang ini. Ini lah yang saya dengar cerita tentang asal muasal pemberian nama marga Daulay. Mungkin cerita ini maseh meragukan oleh apara, uda, ito sekalian. Tapi ini lah sekilas cerita, buat sekedar Info bagi kita semua.

Hormat Saya.

Kiriman: Fadlan Mahmud Daulay

FORUM BAHASA MANDAILING & ANGKOLA – INDONESIA

2009-10-11T02:09:00.001-07:00

Forum ini berawal dari aspirasi salah satu tokoh masyarakat mandailing yang berdomisili dijakarta atas kecintaanya dan jiwa kebatakannya khususnya Mandailing dan Angkola (Tapsel) sehingga forum ini terbentuk.

Forum bertujuan berbagi pikiran ide dan pandang pandangan mengenai Mandailing khususnya bahasa mandailing yang diperuntukkan bagi mereka yang keturunan Mandailing yang berada dijakarta, maupun daerah lain diindonesia dan juga dimancanegara.

Adat budaya yang selama ini terpendam mengajak semua kalangan untuk melestarikan budaya dan bahasa mandailing untuk mencari atau mencaritahu kekayaan bahasa mandailing yang selama ini mungkin saja kita kurang memahami..

Semoga apa yang menjadi pemikiran ini akan menjadi pemersatu dan memajukan masyarakat Mandailing dan keturunannya....

Horasss.... Horasss....
Jakarta, 14 Juni 2009

Damora Lubis
Pembina / Pendiri
Marwan Dalimunthe
Pengurus
Sjaiful A. Rangkuty
Pembina

Bahasamandailing@gmail.com
Jl. Raya Bintara No. 10 Jaksampurna, Bekasi Barat

oooooooooooooooo

Pustaha Mandailing (Surat Tulak - Tulak )
Oleh: Zainuddin P. Lubis

Kelompok etnis Mandailing mempunyai kitab tradisionial yang dinamakan pustaha. Surat Tulak Tulak (aksara tradisional Mandailing) dipergunakan untuk menulis pustaha.

Pustaha yang terbuat dari kulit kayu, atau lak-lak yang dilipat-lipat, dan ada juga yang terbuat dari satu ruas atau beberapa ruas bambu.
Pustaha yang terbuat dari kulit kayu yang dilipat-lipat biasanya berisi mantra-mantra dan cara¬cara penyembuhan tradisional, ada juga yang berisi ilmu perbintangan (semacam ilmu astrologi), ilmu meramal, dan ilmu-ilmu gaib. Sedangkan pustaha yang terbuat dari bambu satu ruas atau lebih, biasanya berisi tarombo atau silsilah keluarga.

Menurut Harry Parkin, dalam bukunya yang berjudul Batak Fruit of Hindu Thought (1978 hal, 102) tanggal yang tercatat sebagai tanggal pertama kali pustaha didapat seorang kolektor merupakan satu-satunya bukti mengenai usia pustaha. Alexander Hall menyerahkan satu pustaha kepada British Museum pada 18 Mei 1746. Itulah pustaha tertua yang pernah dikenal. Dalam buku yang sama Harry Parkin juga menjelaskan bahwa gaya bahasa yang digunakan dalam menulis pustaha dinamakan hata ni poda (ragam bahasa nasehat). Hal ini berarti semua pustaha (yang dimiliki berbagai kelompok etnis di Sumatera Utara, seperti, Angkola Toba, Simalungun, Karo, dan Fakfak) menggunakan gaya bahasa yang serupa.

Menurut Voarhoeve, gaya bahasa tersebut merupakan satu ragam bahasa kuno dari Selatan (Mandailing). Pustaha dari daerah lain, seperti Toba, Simalungun, Karo, dan Fakfak, tidak ditulis dengan bahasa yang murni kelompok- kelompok etnis tersebut, tapi ditulis dengan ragam hata poda yang dicampur dengan bahasa etnis yang bersangkutan.

Fakta yang demikian ini men¬dukung kesimpulan yang dicapai sebagai hasil perbandingan tu¬lisan-tulisan dari berbagai idiom bahwa bahasa yang dipergunakan menulis pustaha mendapatkan ak¬saranya dari Selatan (Mandailing). Ragam bahasa poda terkait dengan ilmu-ilmu gaib para datu yang menghadirkan berbagai problema linguistik. Masing-masing datu mempunyai jargon atau sistem singkatan bahasanya sendiri.

Masing-masing ilmu gaib mempunyai terminologinya sendiri yang tidak digunakan dalam bahasa sehari-hari, oleh karena itu tidak dipahami secara umum. Biasanya hanya datuyang bertanggungjawab atas penulisan pustaha, dan yang dapat memberikan suatu penjelasan yang penuh dan jelas tentang isi pustaha.

Suatu perbandingan mengenai aksara yang punya persamaan yang digunakan untuk menulis pustaha, bersama dengan fakta bahwa bahasa poda merupakan ragam bahasa kuno dari Selatan (Mandailing) memberikan petunjuk satu pola perkembangan dari Selatan ke arah Utara. Isi pustaha menunjukkan rasa tertarik yang jelas terhadap konsep megicoriligious (konsep sihir-re¬ligius).

Pustaha Mandailing

2009-10-11T02:04:00.001-07:00

Kelompok etnis Mandailing mempunyai kitab tradisionial yang dinamakan pustaha. Surat Tulak Tulak (aksara tradisional Mandailing) dipergunakan untuk menulis pustaha.

Pustaha yang terbuat dari kulit kayu, atau lak-lak yang dilipat-lipat, dan ada juga yang terbuat dari satu ruas atau beberapa ruas bambu.
Pustaha yang terbuat dari kulit kayu yang dilipat-lipat biasanya berisi mantra-mantra dan cara¬cara penyembuhan tradisional, ada juga yang berisi ilmu perbintangan (semacam ilmu astrologi), ilmu meramal, dan ilmu-ilmu gaib. Sedangkan pustaha yang terbuat dari bambu satu ruas atau lebih, biasanya berisi tarombo atau silsilah keluarga.

Menurut Harry Parkin, dalam bukunya yang berjudul Batak Fruit of Hindu Thought (1978 hal, 102) tanggal yang tercatat sebagai tanggal pertama kali pustaha didapat seorang kolektor merupakan satu-satunya bukti mengenai usia pustaha. Alexander Hall menyerahkan satu pustaha kepada British Museum pada 18 Mei 1746. Itulah pustaha tertua yang pernah dikenal. Dalam buku yang sama Harry Parkin juga menjelaskan bahwa gaya bahasa yang digunakan dalam menulis pustaha dinamakan hata ni poda (ragam bahasa nasehat). Hal ini berarti semua pustaha (yang dimiliki berbagai kelompok etnis di Sumatera Utara, seperti, Angkola Toba, Simalungun, Karo, dan Fakfak) menggunakan gaya bahasa yang serupa.

Menurut Voarhoeve, gaya bahasa tersebut merupakan satu ragam bahasa kuno dari Selatan (Mandailing). Pustaha dari daerah lain, seperti Toba, Simalungun, Karo, dan Fakfak, tidak ditulis dengan bahasa yang murni kelompok- kelompok etnis tersebut, tapi ditulis dengan ragam hata poda yang dicampur dengan bahasa etnis yang bersangkutan.

Fakta yang demikian ini men¬dukung kesimpulan yang dicapai sebagai hasil perbandingan tu¬lisan-tulisan dari berbagai idiom bahwa bahasa yang dipergunakan menulis pustaha mendapatkan ak¬saranya dari Selatan (Mandailing). Ragam bahasa poda terkait dengan ilmu-ilmu gaib para datu yang menghadirkan berbagai problema linguistik. Masing-masing datu mempunyai jargon atau sistem singkatan bahasanya sendiri.

Masing-masing ilmu gaib mempunyai terminologinya sendiri yang tidak digunakan dalam bahasa sehari-hari, oleh karena itu tidak dipahami secara umum. Biasanya hanya datuyang bertanggungjawab atas penulisan pustaha, dan yang dapat memberikan suatu penjelasan yang penuh dan jelas tentang isi pustaha.

Suatu perbandingan mengenai aksara yang punya persamaan yang digunakan untuk menulis pustaha, bersama dengan fakta bahwa bahasa poda merupakan ragam bahasa kuno dari Selatan (Mandailing) memberikan petunjuk satu pola perkembangan dari Selatan ke arah Utara. Isi pustaha menunjukkan rasa tertarik yang jelas terhadap konsep megicoriligious (konsep sihir-re¬ligius).

WARRANTY CONDITIONS, Why are our merchandise selling at discounted prices?

2009-06-02T22:37:00.001-07:00

Do you have a retail shop?
WristWatchAlley.com only retails online. Our products are listed in Ebay and other popular auction listings.

Our main supplier is a major importer/exporter of wrist watches in Singapore. Our supplier also deals in a wide range of goods such as Mont Blanc pens, Bvlgari hand bags, Cartier perfume and belts etc. As such, we are able to secure goods' prices at much discounted rates.

Are your watches refurbished goods?

We strictly do not sell refurbish goods or replicas etc. Our goods are new and comes in factory-packed condition. Our business ideas is to build a long term business and hopes to build up a larger customers base over time. As such, returning customers are important to us. We do not believe in cheating customers. Moreover, selling fakes are against the law of Singapore. Auction cheaters had infact been convicted in Singapore. Customers' interest are fully protected.

How can we know if you are selling a genuine watch?

All our watches has a serial nos at the back of each watch. Its smooth and high quality finishes justify its genuineness as its not engraved upon. A genuineness of a watch can be ultimately determined by its movement (internal machine). Customer who felt that we have sold them a fake watch can always varify with a quality Seiko dealer. We would like to remind our customers that dealing in fake watch is against the law in Singapore. Your interest is protected. Disclosing of our contact numbers safeguard your interest. Our ratings does not reflect all the numbers of deal closed at our auctions. Where aucitons are closed, we scored perfect!

Why doesn't original warranty card be issued?

As our watches are export goods and not meant for retail sales, original warranty cards are strictly not allowed to be issued under dealers contract and agreement. Our supplier risk having their distribution rights revoked. Original warranty card are local distributor's rights. However, we do provide our own warranty to our customers. Our company "warranty card" or proof-of-purchase will be issued to buyers with details stated. A one year warranty will be given. Warranty conditions are stated below.

How can we trust your warranty provided?

Customers can fully trust us to honour our warranty conditions as we are here to stay. Our ratings definitely speaks for itself. Much capital, time and labour has been spent on building our online business. As such, reputation is of great importance to us. Honouring the warranty conditions are not a hassle to us as our supplier has dedicated watchmakers to repair any watches that are faulty. Infact, the brand names we carry has good reputations of producing quality watches. Chances of it being faulty within a year is almost negligible. A new watch will be compensated on exchange basis if watch is beyond repair.

Can we stil get other watches repair after warranty period?

You can bring your watches to any Seiko dealers for the repair for a charge. Cusotmers can also contact us for the watch repair. Cost of repair will be further advised. We do not profit from watch repair. However labour and service cost will be levied.

WristWatchAlley warrants that its products are free from defects in materials and workmanship. Subject to the conditions and limitations set forth below, WristWatchAlley will at its option,either repair or replace any parts of its products that prove defective by reason of improper workmanship or materials. Repaired parts or replacement products will be provided by WristWatchAlley on an exchange basis, and will be either new or refurbished to be functionally equivalent to new. This warranty does not cover any damage to this product that results from wear & tear, accident, abuse, misuse, natural or personal disaster, or any unauthorized disassembly, repair, or modification etc.

We accept payment by Paypal & Bank Transfer. No Cheques or Money orders

2009-06-02T22:36:00.001-07:00

Please contact us if you wish to make payment by other methods. Payment must be received within 7 days of closing of the auction.We reserve the right to cancel an order and relist the item if we do not hear from the buyer within 7 days.

Paypal : Buyer can pay by Paypal for a safe transaction as customers' credit card or personal details will not be known to us. To pay via Paypal, customer must have a Paypal Account. Inform us of your choice of Paypal and we will send you a "Payment Email". Click on the link in the email to complete the payment. Please note that a fee of 3.5% to 5% fees is applicable (Fees charged by Papal).

Funds Transfer : Buyer who has an Internet Banking Account can make payment via cash transfer to our DBS Savings Account. Customers are to notify us Before and After cash transfer has been made. Please note that we will not be responsible for any wrong transferance of payment. Customers are to pay to :

Bank Name : DBS

Bank Account Type : Savings Account

Account Nos : 011-3-020268

Cash-On-Delivery (COD) : Customers can contact Steven Tay directly at 97973851 or through this listing. Meeting place preferred along North South MRT Line stations (e.g. City Hall, Douby Ghaut, Ang Mo Kio, Yishun, Woodlands etc.), or at Little India MRT station. Other location will be arranged wtih buyer.

WARRANTY CONDITIONS, Cancellation Policy

2009-06-02T22:34:00.000-07:00

WristWatchAlley warrants that its products are free from defects in materials and workmanship. Subject to the conditions and limitations set forth below, WristWatchAlley will at its option,either repair or replace any parts of its products that prove defective by reason of improper workmanship or materials. Repaired parts or replacement products will be provided by WristWatchAlley on an exchange basis, and will be either new or refurbished to be functionally equivalent to new. This warranty does not cover any damage to this product that results from wear & tear, accident, abuse, misuse, natural or personal disaster, or any unauthorized disassembly, repair, or modification etc.

• You may able to cancel the order before the seller makes delivery.
If you have purchased item through "Cash Transfer to Seller", you can get the refund directly from the seller.
• In case the seller has sent the item, you may contact seller and request for return & refund.
Refund Policy • In general, the amount will be refunded by the same payment method that was used to make payment.
• The return cost and/or indemnity may be charged to you after you return the item.
• The refund may not be accepted in the following cases:

① The item has been damaged/made defective by customer's fault (except for the package being opened to check
the item).
② The item's value has been remarkably decreased due to the customer's usage/consumption.
③ The item's value has been remarkably decreased due to the time-sensitive nature of the sale,
so that it is unable to be sold again.
④ Unrecoverable liability has been made to the seller due to customization or unique production of items.

ABOUT US, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (FAQ)

2009-06-02T22:32:00.000-07:00

We are a genuine online wrist watch retailer based in Singapore. Our supplier is based in Singapore and specialise in major import/export of luxury merchandise such as wrist watches, perfume, hand bags, pens etc from a wide range of brands. Our merchandise brands include Seiko, Citizens, Casio, DKNY, Raymond Weil, Cartier etc. As not all goods are listed, customers are welcome to contact us through this listing for enquiries on any other watches.

Do you have a retail shop?
WristWatchAlley.com only retails online. Our products are listed in Ebay and other popular auction listings.
Why are our merchandise selling at discounted prices?

Our main supplier is a major importer/exporter of wrist watches in Singapore. Our supplier also deals in a wide range of goods such as Mont Blanc pens, Bvlgari hand bags, Cartier perfume and belts etc. As such, we are able to secure goods' prices at much discounted rates.
Are your watches refurbished goods?

We strictly do not sell refurbish goods or replicas etc. Our goods are new and comes in factory-packed condition. Our business ideas is to build a long term business and hopes to build up a larger customers base over time. As such, returning customers are important to us. We do not believe in cheating customers. Moreover, selling fakes are against the law of Singapore. Auction cheaters had infact been convicted in Singapore. Customers' interest are fully protected.
How can we know if you are selling a genuine watch?

All our watches has a serial nos at the back of each watch. Its smooth and high quality finishes justify its genuineness as its not engraved upon. A genuineness of a watch can be ultimately determined by its movement (internal machine). Customer who felt that we have sold them a fake watch can always varify with a quality Seiko dealer. We would like to remind our customers that dealing in fake watch is against the law in Singapore. Your interest is protected. Disclosing of our contact numbers safeguard your interest. Our ratings does not reflect all the numbers of deal closed at our auctions. Where aucitons are closed, we scored perfect!
Why doesn't original warranty card be issued?

As our watches are export goods and not meant for retail sales, original warranty cards are strictly not allowed to be issued under dealers contract and agreement. Our supplier risk having their distribution rights revoked. Original warranty card are local distributor's rights. However, we do provide our own warranty to our customers. Our company "warranty card" or proof-of-purchase will be issued to buyers with details stated. A one year warranty will be given. Warranty conditions are stated below.
How can we trust your warranty provided?

Customers can fully trust us to honour our warranty conditions as we are here to stay. Our ratings definitely speaks for itself. Much capital, time and labour has been spent on building our online business. As such, reputation is of great importance to us. Honouring the warranty conditions are not a hassle to us as our supplier has dedicated watchmakers to repair any watches that are faulty. Infact, the brand names we carry has good reputations of producing quality watches. Chances of it being faulty within a year is almost negligible. A new watch will be compensated on exchange basis if watch is beyond repair.
Can we stil get other watches repair after warranty period?

You can bring your watches to any Seiko dealers for the repair for a charge. Cusotmers can also contact us for the watch repair. Cost of repair will be further advised. We do not profit from watch repair. However labour and service cost will be levied.

SHIPPING and DELIVERY, REFUND POLICIES,

2009-06-02T22:31:00.000-07:00

Worldwide delivery by Speedpost Air Parcel : We ship worldwide by registered mail except Italy (Delivery time around 10 -14 days). We charge a flat rate of SGD$35. Combine shipping is SGD$10 for each additional item.

Worldwide delivery by Speedpost Worldwide Courier : Shipping by Worldwide Courier about 1-4 days. Shipping charges SGD$55. Combine shipping is SGD$10 for each additional item.

Please note that buyer is responsible for any custom taxes payable.

Delivery & Charges for Local Singapore Buyers : Courier service is by Singpost and we charges a minimal of SGD$10 flat for parcel package in Singapore only. Watch will be packed in bubble wrap and Singpost hard cardboard box.

We offer 100% money back if watch is not authentic. Please note that Shipping fees are not refundable. All watches must be returned within 14 days of receipt and in its original condition without any physical changes. (e.g scratches, shortening of bracelet etc). Please note that WristWatchAlley reserves the right to reject any refund if our policies are not strictly adhere to.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION, Category - G-Shock Mudman, Casing - Case diameter - 45.5mm, Water Resistance - 100 Meters water resistant, Functions - Stopwatch

2009-06-02T22:04:00.000-07:00

Illumination, EL (electro-luminescent panel)
Selectable illumination duration, Auto light switch, Full auto-calendar pre-programmed from the year 2000 to 2099, 12-hour and 24-hour,
* Battery Life : Approximate 3 years on type CR2025
* Alarm : 5 multi-function, Hourly time signal, Daily alarm, date alarm, 1-month alarm, monthly alarm
* Size :
* Weight : 55g
* Comes with inherent Casio box and instruction manual
* One year warranty by WristWatchAlley

100% NEW & GENUINE PRODUCT!!

All of our watches are guaranteed to be 100% genuine & brand new. What you see in the picture is what you get. if you have any questions about any of our items please contact us by email through this listing and we will reply to you as soon as possible.

PAYMENT METHODS

We accept payment by Paypal & Bank Transfer. No Cheques or Money orders.

Please contact us if you wish to make payment by other methods. Payment must be received within 7 days of closing of the auction.We reserve the right to cancel an order and relist the item if we do not hear from the buyer within 7 days.

Paypal : Buyer can pay by Paypal for a safe transaction as customers' credit card or personal details will not be known to us. To pay via Paypal, customer must have a Paypal Account. Inform us of your choice of Paypal and we will send you a "Payment Email". Click on the link in the email to complete the payment. Please note that a fee of 3.5% to 5% fees is applicable (Fees charged by Papal).

Funds Transfer : Buyer who has an Internet Banking Account can make payment via cash transfer to our DBS Savings Account. Customers are to notify us Before and After cash transfer has been made. Please note that we will not be responsible for any wrong transferance of payment. Customers are to pay to :

Bank Name : DBS
Bank Account Type : Savings Account
Account Nos : 011-3-020268
Cash-On-Delivery (COD) : Customers can contact Steven Tay directly at 97973851 or through this listing. Meeting place preferred along North South MRT Line stations (e.g. City Hall, Douby Ghaut, Ang Mo Kio, Yishun, Woodlands etc.), or at Little India MRT station. Other location will be arranged wtih buyer.

Cancellation & Refund Customs

2009-06-02T21:58:00.000-07:00

Cancellation is possible only at the delivery status ‘On Request’ when sellers have not delivered the products.
In general, no return will be accepted unless products are defective or wrong products are delivered.

In general, all goods imported into Singapore are subject to Goods and Services Tax (GST) levied at 7% of the CIF value (Cost, Insurance and Freight) inclusive of all other charges, costs and expenses incidental to the sale and delivery of the good into Singapore.

GST relief is granted on goods (excluding dutiable goods such as intoxicating liquors and tobacco products) imported by post or air to a total value not exceeding SGD 400.00. Where the value exceeds SGD 400.00, the entire sum would be subject to GST.
GST is payable on import into Singapore. Gmarket and sellers are not responsible of payment of GST.

Drugs Little Glossary

2009-03-17T23:31:00.001-07:00

acetylcholine—Neurotransmitter that relaxes the body.
alkaloids—Any of a host of organic compounds derived from plants; many are useful as medicines.
autocatalytic cycle—A cycle that fuels itself.
autonomic nervous system—The part of the nervous system responsible for unconscious actions, like heart rate. It is divided into two subparts: the sympathetic, responsible for activities that excite the body such as increasingrespiration, and the parasympathetic, responsible for activities that relax the body such as lowering blood pressure.
central nervous system (CNS)—The brain and spinal cord; sensory nerve signals are sent to the CNS and it is responsible for many bodily activities, including movement and the release of chemical signals.
codeine—An alkaloid in opium used primarily as a cough suppressant.
detection period—The amount of time for which a drug test can detect the use of a drug (this differs depending on the type of sample—urine, blood, or other).
dihydrocodeine—A rather weak analgesic related to codeine, it is usually combined with other drugs and used as a headache suppressant.
dopamine—Neurotransmitter that causes euphoric feelings.
drug sensitivity—The amount of drug needed in a drug test sample to consider it a positive result.
epinephrine—Neurotransmitter that stimulates striated muscle, which is under conscious control.
fentanyl—A semi-synthetic opioid that is a much more powerful version of morphine. It is used during surgery as an anesthetic and is extremely dangerous when taken in a nonmedical context.
gas chromatography—A method for detecting the presence of illicit drugs in blood or urine. The sample is first inserted into the machine and vaporized (turned into a gas). As it vaporizes, different metabolites within the sample vaporize at different times, called retention times. The time differences are recorded and analyzed by the machine, which is pre-programmed to recognize the retention times of prohibited drugs.
heroin—A powerful, highly addictive narcotic made by boiling morphine; also known as diacetylmorphine.
hydrocodone—A widely prescribed, and abused, pharmaceutical designed as a pain-reliever.
hydromorphone—A pharmaceutical product used to combat severe pain.
immunoassays—Amethod for detecting the presence of illicit drugs in urine. Immunoassays involve the use of antibodies, proteins that can recognize and bind to a specific substance. To test for illegal opiate drugs, scientists find antibodies for the metabolite traces left by drugs in the urine. The urine and a solvent containing the antibodies are mixed together and scientists are then able to deduce if a drug is present by the reaction between the two substances.
laudanum—A mixture of opium and liquor once commonplace in English households.
mass spectrometry—A method for detecting the presence of illicit drugs in blood or urine. It uses an electron beam to separate the vaporized sample into its different ions according to their mass. The machine is able to separate all of the ions into groups and measure their concentrations. The metabolites for many enhancement drugs leave their
own unique signature.
meperidine—Also known as pethidine, it is a synthetic opioid that is often used in place of morphine to treat pain.
methadone—A synthetic opioid that is commonly used today to treat heroin addicts.
morphine—Opium’s most abundant alkaloid and active ingredient; used as a narcotic agent.
mules—The colloquial term for someone who smuggles illegal drugs on their person.
neurons—Nervous system cells with the specific job of transmitting signals to each other to coordinate a host of bodily functions.
neurotransmitters—Chemicals released by neurons to communicate with each other.
norepinephrine—Neurotransmitter that stimulates smooth muscles such as the heart and keeps blood pressure from lowering too much.
noscapine—A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from opium that has only minimal medicinal and narcotic capabilities.
nostrums—Untested medications, produced by patent medicine makers, combining all kinds of natural products and drugs.
opioid receptors—A chemical lock-and-key mechanism located on cell surfaces that works because it allows only certain chemicals—in this case, opiates—to fit and thus communicate with the cell. There are three classifications of opioid receptors, mu, delta, and kappa.
opium—The narcotic drug obtained from the opium poppy; it is the oldest drug ever cultivated and actively pursued by the human species.
opium clippers—Ships developed in the mid-1800s specifically for the transport and sale of opium.
opium den—An environ in which to smoke opium.
oxycodone—Derived from the alkaloid thebaine, it is a highly effective painreliever and prescribed to postsurgical patients, cancer patients, and others with severe pain.
papaverine—An alkaloid in opium with no narcotic properties used medicinally as a muscle relaxant.
Papaver somniferum—The opium poppy plant; it is one of only two species that produce morphine (the active ingredient in opium) and the only one actively cultivated to produce the drug.
parasympathetic system—The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for activities that relax the body such as lowering blood pressure.
patent medicine makers—Unregulated small-time drug manufacturers prevalent in the nineteenth century.
poppy—The plant containing opium; a tall, thin plant of about 90–150 centimeters, its four sprouting leaves can be a variety of colors—white, pink, blue, crimson, or any combination of these—which surround the plant’s inner pod.
propoxyphene—A synthetic opioid that is similar to methadone but much less potent.
serotonin—Neurotransmitter that inhibits bodily activities and acts as a counter to norepinephrine.
sympathetic system—The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for activities that excite the body, such as increasing respiration.
synaptic cleft—The space between neurons.
thebaine—An alkaloid in opium that is actually a poison, causing convulsive effects when taken in high quantities.

Cannabis Effects of use

2009-03-17T23:30:00.003-07:00

The effects of using cannabis, and the duration of those effects, vary greatly from person to person and according to the strength used and the expectations and mental state of the user. An inexperienced or irregular user can expect the effects of one cannabis cigarette of medium strength to produce effects that will last for between two and four hours, with the effects tapering off after that.

Most users will experience a feeling of bodily warmth, which is a purely physical reaction to the drug. The small blood vessels close to the surface of the skin dilate and suffuse with blood. This gives the skin a flushed appearance and makes it warm to the touch. It also leads to the characteristic cannabis user’s bloodshot eyes known as ‘cannabis red eye’.

Users often report a feeling of relaxation, happiness and congeniality, with them taking a great deal of pleasure from the company of other people around them. If these other people are also using cannabis, then there is the potential for very pleasurable experiences. Many cannabis users make use of the drug in order to give themselves confidence in social situations and find that it helps them to mix with others and to make friends. Cannabis users often become very talkative and report that the drug has opened their minds and given them such insights that they are able to have the most wonderful conversations with other cannabis users about all sorts of subjects, including the big questions of life, love, religion and death. The truth of this is very different: we have listened many times to these conversations as sober observers and have found them to be utter drivel and to make no sense at all. A common feature of these conversations is the ‘unfinished sentence effect’, otherwise known as the ‘ums’, in which the user will forget the subject of their conversation halfway through and the sentence will tail off in an extended ‘um …’.

Some users claim that cannabis in low doses temporarily increases their powers of concentration, and many young people use it as an aid to studying and revision. They feel that the drug enables them to study for longer periods without fatigue. Most users will lose their inhibitions and do things that theywould never dream of doing when sober. In some users, cannabis raises sexual awareness; this, together with the loss of inhibitions, may lead them to have unprotected sex, sometimes resulting in unplanned pregnancy or the transmission of various diseases.

Anorectic Class

2009-03-17T23:30:00.001-07:00

Many persons in the United States consider themselves overweight. That self-perception may be more prevalent than obesity itself, but even so, by medical standards a good 33% to 50% of Americans are overweight.8 That condition can aggravate or even cause serious physical afflictions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Persons seeking slimness and who are dissatisfied with results from changes in diet and exercise may seek pharmacological help.

The first diet drug to receive scientific endorsement was thyroid hormone. Its use for this purpose began in the 1890s on the theory that it would boost a person’s metabolism and thereby promote faster use of calories. The same theory made dinitrophenol a standard diet drug before World War II. Although it boosted metabolic rate, it also boosted rates of cataracts and of harm to the peripheral nervous system (which involves the functioning of various organs and muscles). For those reasons the drug was abandoned. In the 1930s amphetamines became available and quickly became a popular diet aid despite their potential for abuse.

Many stimulants suppress appetite, and some are used as medicines to help people lose weight. Those medicines are called “anorectics.” Their stimulant effects may be lower than drugs in other classes but can still have potential for abuse and addiction. For that reason, many anorectics are scheduled substances.

Such drugs are casually described as appetite suppressants, but not all promote weight loss in that way. For instance, some may affect the way food is absorbed in the body; some increase a person’s rate of metabolism so the person burns more calories; some make a person more physically energetic. Question has even been raised about whether a stimulant’s anorectic action simply comes from elevating the mood of depressed people and thereby reducing their need to gain comfort from eating. Mechanisms by which anorectics work are poorly understood.

Indeed, whether they work at all is uncertain. Compared to placebos, most studies show additional weight loss among persons taking anorectics to be measurable but barely noticeable; some studies show anorectics to be no more effective than placebos. In experiments where anorectics work well, skeptics wonder if results come from factors other than the drug, such as rapport between physician and patient, belief that the substance would work, or even from basics such as controls on food intake during the experiment. Scientists directing one study of anorectics concluded that sensations of appetite suppression were so subtle that a user could miss them unless the person was trying to be aware of them.

The effectiveness of an anorectic declines as weeks go by, through development of tolerance. A telling exception to development of tolerance is methylcellulose, an unscheduled substance used to increase bulk of consumed food and thereby increase the physical feeling of fullness. The substance has no psychological effect, and no tolerance develops. Methylcellulose is also among the least effective dieting aids.

Abusers of stimulant anorectics exhibit symptoms similar to those found among abusers of amphetamines, from skin rash to psychosis. Some persons using anorectics properly under medical supervision experience muscle pain and cramps, weariness, peevishness, depression, difficulty in thinking. That group of symptoms is the same as those undergone by persons trying to cope with lack of food regardless of drug use, a coincidence raising question about whether some undesired effects attributed to anorectics are simply undesired effects of being hungry.

A harsh fact about anorectics is that weight lost while using them tends to return if a person stops taking the drugs (and generally they are intended for short-term use only). Behavioral therapy teaches people how to change their eating and exercise habits. A comparison study not only found behavioral therapy superior to anorectic therapy in preventing regain of lost pounds but also found behavioral therapy to be more effective alone than when using anorectics along with it—a troubling result for advocates of anorectics. Skeptics ask whether drugs that produce only mild temporary improvement in a chronic condition are worth anything.

For information about specific anorectic class stimulants, see alphabetical listings for: benzphetamine, diethylpropion, fenfluramine, mazindol, phendimetrazine, phenmetrazine, phentermine, and sibutramine

Barbiturate Class

2009-03-17T23:29:00.002-07:00

Barbiturates were introduced into medical practice during the early 1900s, for combating insomnia, anxiety, and seizures. Despite occasional flurries of concern, not until the 1960s did much alarm grow about barbiturates in the United States. Members of a U.S. Senate subcommittee began portraying the drug class as a menace in the 1970s, and afterward stricter controls were put on use.

Barbiturates and alcohol have similar effects. If someone intoxicated by alcohol takes barbiturates, the drunkenness will deepen as if more alcohol had been swallowed.

Pharmaceutical effects of alcohol alone can kill a person who overdoses, and adding barbiturates can transform a session of social drinking into a fatal one. More than one person has died by taking barbiturate sleeping pills with alcohol instead of water.

The similarity of alcohol and barbiturates is also shown by the appearance of a serious withdrawal syndrome called delirium tremens in alcohol and barbiturate abusers who are cut off from their drug. Lesser withdrawal symptoms for both drugs may include perspiring and vomiting. Barbiturate withdrawal may involve dizziness, tremors, fidgety behavior, edgy feelings, and insomnia. Even with strict medical supervision, withdrawal can be fatal. Tolerance can develop. More details can be found in alphabetical entries for spec barbiturates.

A person using barbiturates should take the same precautions as a person using alcohol, for example, using care about running dangerous machinery such as automobiles.

Barbiturates can cause reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the arm, a disease in which a hand loses bone density and becomes painful and difficult to move. This class of drugs may also cause a syndrome that produces pain in the shoulder and hand, interfering with their movement.

Extended dosage with barbiturates may cause rickets, a disease in which bones soften. One of the most dangerous effects of barbiturate overdose is temporary stoppage of electrical activity in the brain, which could lead to premature declaration of a patient’s death, particularly if the patient is being treated for some injury without caregivers knowing about the person’s barbiturate usage.

This class of substances may interfere with blood thinner medicine, with birth control pills, and with other female hormone medications. Barbiturates may extend the time that an MAOI dose lasts.

In animal experiments barbiturates have encouraged the development of cancer.

When used by pregnant women, barbiturates can cause birth defects ranging from internal organ deformities to malformations of the face. If a pregnant woman uses barbiturates regularly, her offspring may be born resonant with them. This class of drugs passes into the milk of nursing mothers and may depress consciousness, pulse rate, and respiration of nursing infants.

For information about specific barbiturate class depressants, see alphabetical listings for: butalbital, mephobarbital, pentobarbital, and phenobarbital.

Benzodiazepine Class

2009-03-17T23:29:00.001-07:00

Benzodiazepines became widely available for medical purposes in the 1960s and replaced barbiturates in treatments of many conditions. Benzodiazepines proved themselves less prone to abuse than barbiturates, in addition to being safer—accidental overdose is unlikely because the amount needed for a medical effect is so much smaller than a poisonous amount. In addition to reducing anxiety, benzodiazepines may improve quality of sleep—from fighting insomnia to eliminating sleepwalking. This class of drugs is also used to calm people and to treat convulsions. Some users experience mild euphoria.

As might be expected with drugs that promote sleep, benzodiazepines can worsen reaction time, vigilance, and thinking abilities and therefore should be used cautiously if a person is operating dangerous machinery such as an automobile.

Problems may also develop for persons who are already unsteady on their feet, such as elderly persons prone to falling. The substances can also cause memory trouble, typically difficulty in recalling recent experiences. Headache, peevishness, confusion, and tremors may occur. In unusual cases rageful outbursts may occur. These are “paradoxical reactions,” meaning they are the opposite of what would be expected from the drug. Expressions of rage possibly emerge because the drug reduces anxiety in a person who is angry about something, and less anxiety can lead to less inhibition against doing something.

Over a 12-year span a practitioner observed patients taking benzodiazepines to treat serious sleep problems such as night terrors and sleepwalking. The practitioner found that 2% of this population (not 2% of all patients but just those using benzodiazepines against these sleep disorders) occasionally abused them, and this population base included persons with a previous history of drug abuse; thus we can expect benzodiazepine abuse to be even lower in a general population. Among persons treated for drug abuse, benzodiazepines are among the least-abused substances. Experiments giving free access to benzodiazepines to persons undergoing treatment for drug abuse revealed little interest in those compounds.This class of depressants can be highly popular among special populations, however. One study noted that 30% of alcoholics were using benzodiazepines. When benzodiazepines were given to rats in experiments, the animals’ consumption of alcohol increased, suggesting that human benzodiazepine usage might increase alcohol’s appeal. Although benzodiazepines are administered to treat alcohol withdrawal, combining the two substances recreationally is a dangerous mix that can prove fatal.

Different benzodiazepines have differing attractiveness to abusers. Measured by amount of misuse, claims made by misusers about drug effects, mental and physical effects verified in scientific experiments, and impressions reported by medical caregivers, diazepam is considered to have one of the greatest potentials for abuse. Alprazolam and lorazepam have similar, but lower, risk. Halazepam and oxazepam seem to be among the least risky for abuse.

Tolerance to some benzodiazepine effects can develop (many details are in this book’s alphabetical section). Dependence can also emerge, with a withdrawal syndrome similar to those of alcohol and barbiturates. Often the syndrome may be avoided by gradual reduction of dosage.

Small studies have found that women who use benzodiazepines during pregnancy produce infants who are smaller than normal. Children in one of these studies rapidly caught up in some growth perimeters, but at the age of months head size still remained smaller than normal. Facial deformities were common. The children had persistent trouble with muscle control. Similar findings in another small study included mental retardation, but still another study noted that such children also had heavy fetal exposure to alcohol, exposure that is known to produce mental retardation. Thus the actual role of benzodiazepines was unclear.

Some of these reports did not track outcomes past infancy. Research tracking children up to four years of age found that early problems attributed to benzodiazepines cleared up in most of them. When teachers were asked to evaluate schoolchildren who had fetal exposure, the instructors found no difference between them and classmates.

Researchers who investigated the outcome of thousands of pregnancies found no evidence that benzodiazepines cause cleft palate. A large study involving hundreds of pregnancies found birth defects to be no more likely among women who used benzodiazepines than among women who did not use them; and even when malformations occurred, no particular kind of birth
defect tended to appear in benzodiazepine offspring. Drugs that cause fetal harm generally cause particular types of damage; lack of a particular type with benzodiazepines suggests that the drug was not the cause of observed malformations. Some investigators believe they have detected a particular birth defect pattern, but such findings have been questioned. As the twentyfirst century began, a research team reported evidence that benzodiazepines may damage fetal brain development. Science has not yet rendered a verdict on the safety of benzodiazepines during pregnancy. Infants with fetal exposure can be born dependent on this type of drug. It passes into breast milk, but the amount from lower-dosage levels probably has no effect on nursing infants.

For information about specific benzodiazepine class depressants, see alphabetical listings for: alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, estazolam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, oxazepam, prazepam, quazepam, temazepam, and triazolam.

Cocaine Class

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As decades change, so do attitudes toward cocaine. In the latter 1800s it was widely used by ordinary middle-class Americans and had a reputation no worse than alcohol or tobacco. In the years before World War I, news media stories tied the drug to African Americans and crime, and public opinion transformed the substance from a commonplace item into a substance used
mainly by social deviants. Cocaine received little attention from the 1960s illicit drug culture, which seemingly considered cocaine an archaic item no longer of interest. In the 1970s cocaine was portrayed as a drug used by wealthy “beautiful people,” and in the 1980s it was portrayed as a poor ghetto dweller’s drug. In the 1800s cocaine was considered highly addictive, but from the 1950s into the 1980s it was described as nonaddictive. By the 1990s cocaine was called the most addictive drug known, and demand for the product resulted in accessibility likened to fast-food hamburgers. Although tolerance develops with abuse of most stimulants and was reported with cocaine in the 1800s, in the 1970s and 1980s a scientific consensus held that tolerance did not develop among cocaine abusers. On the contrary, abuse was believed to sensitize people taking the drug, allowing them to achieve the same effects with smaller and smaller doses. Yet by the 1990s cocaine addicts were believed to have a compulsive desire to take more and more of the drug. They were seen to engage in the same kind of binge habit exhibited by amphetamine abusers.

Although a chemical formula stays unaltered as decades pass, ways of using a substance can change. Long ago cocaine was used to make mildly stimulating drinks. Velo-Coca and Vin Mariani were popular cocaine beverages of the nineteenth century, the latter endorsed by notables such as Thomas Edison, Jules Verne, and Pope Leo XIII. The soft drink Coca-Cola originally contained cocaine, but the drug was dropped from the soda early in the twentieth century. These old beverages, however, had about the same relation to cocaine as beer has to white lightning moonshine.

A pint of beer and a pint of white lightning may both contain alcohol, but their impact on a user will likely differ. Compared to full-strength pharmaceutical cocaine, old cocaine beverages were relatively weak concoctions.

Some notables are famed for their use of the full-strength product, the most famous example being that of the pioneering psychiatrist Sigmund Freud. When he no longer found the drug useful, he tapered off and eventually quit with no particular difficulty. His example has been duplicated by many other users. He and they were persons enjoying lives of fulfillment in which cocaine was simply one part. In contrast, persons who are dissatisfied with their lives, for whom cocaine brings relief of unhappiness, may face a harder struggle in giving up the drug if it begins degrading the quality of their lives. The more needs a drug satisfies for a person, the stronger its appeal. Some needs may be biological; a study of identical twins finds their cocaine usage patterns to be remarkably similar. Some needs may derive from a person’s life situation.

Cocaine abuse is normally part of a multiproblem lifestyle. A study of homeless cocaine abusers found that achieving abstinence was easier for them if they obtained shelter and employment. Compared to the whole population, cocaine addicts are much likelier to be addicted to gambling as well. Alcoholism and suicidal thoughts increase the likelihood that a person who uses cocaine will become addicted. One study of persons being treated for cocaine abuse found over one half to be jobless and over one third to have jail records. A survey of crack smokers found that over one third had been physically attacked over a one-year period. Five years of records at one hospital showed the following primary reasons for admission of cocaine-using patients: assaults, stabbings, and bullet wounds. Such persons obviously face serious challenges other than cocaine; any inability to cope with the drug is but a single element in a general inability to cope with life.

For information about specific cocaine class stimulants, see alphabetical listings for: coca and cocaine.

Depressant Class

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Depressants generally have the opposite effect of stimulants. Many depressants are used as sedatives or tranquilizers, terms often used as if they mean the same thing even though some experts would dispute such interchangeable usage of the terms sedative and tranquilizer.

Depressant drugs slow a person down, and one result can be reduction of tension, which in turn can improve a mentally depressed mood. Depressant withdrawal symptoms typically include uneasiness and sleeping difficulty. If dependence is strong enough, withdrawal may also involve tremors, loss of strength, delirium, and seizures. Gradual reduction in dosage may help avoid withdrawal symptoms, but much depends on the particular drug and the strength dependence.

For information about specific depressants not listed among the following classes, see alphabetical listings for: alcohol, chloral hydrate, ethchlorvynol, GHB, glutethimide, ketamine, mandrake, meprobamate, methaqualone, PCP, pentazocine, zaleplon, and zolpidem.

Hallucinogens Class

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Although various drugs cause hallucinations, some drugs are so notable for such an effect that they are classified as hallucinogens. Controversy exists about what a hallucination is. Is it a bluish tint to colors in a normal scene? Is it wavy motions in a solid and stationary object? Is it shapes in fireplace flames transforming into animal heads? Is it something that goes away if someone’s eyes open? Is it a creature that appears out of nowhere and provides mystical insights? Is it sensations of floating? Is it a different flow of time? Is it cross-wiring of senses, where colors are heard and smells are seen? Specialists may quibble, but this book classifies all such experiences as hallucinations.

Many people dislike hallucinatory experiences, especially people who like to be in control of themselves and of situations around them. Such people often find hallucinations not only unpleasant but downright frightening. Other people find the sensations intriguing and pleasurable.

Scientific interest in hallucinogens began to emerge in the 1800s, blossoming in the 1950s and 1960s. In those latter times hallucinogens were popularly identified with beatniks and hippies, and social disapproval of those lifestyles promoted legal restrictions on hallucinogens that terminated almost all scientific research regarding these substances. Thus much of the scientific data is old.

For information about specific hallucinogens, see alphabetical listings for: AET, amanita, belladonna, bufotenine, DET, DMT, DOB, DOM, dronabinol, ergot, ibogaine, jimson weed, LSD, marijuana, MDA, MDEA, MDMA, mescaline, morning glory, nutmeg, peyote, psilocybin, 2C-B, and yage.

Inhalants Class

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Although some authorities consider inhalants to be depressants, and inhalants have hallucinogenic qualities, for several reasons this book lists inhalants as a substance type in their own right. First, despite easy availability, inhalants are among the most dangerous of abused substances. There is no range of inhalants, some of which are benign and some of which are risky, as there is with stimulants or depressants. All inhalants are dangerous despite wide variations in their chemistry, and this sets them apart from other types of drugs. Second, inhalants are generally used by inhaling them in their gaseous state (which is not the same as smoking and also differs from eating a solid or drinking a liquid). That dosage format sets them apart from other drugs. Third, inhalants are used mainly by younger persons (typically teenage males), a usage pattern that also sets inhalants apart from other drugs.

With some inhalants the amount needed to produce a recreational effect is close to a fatal dose, and deadly outcomes demonstrate that the difference was too close for some deceased users to handle. In addition, strenuous exercise seems related to inhalant death, troublesome for users at dance clubs. The products are often flammable, sometimes producing serious physical injury unrelated to pharmacology. Some users act as if they do not realize they need a continual supply of oxygen, and they administer inhalants in ways that cause suffocation. In addition to all these acute dangers, long-term use of many inhalants can produce nerve damage, impairing the ability to use arms and legs and hands and feet, damage verified scientifically. Another type of long-term damage appears to be assorted types of psychoses. This consequence is harder to verify because inhalant users often take other potent drugs, so proving which mind-altering drug affected the mind can be very difficult. Unquestionably, however, inhalant users can develop states of mind interfering with—or even preventing—their ability to function in society.

Admittedly, some users avoid serious outcomes, just as some car drivers run red lights
without harm. Escape, however, does not mean that danger should be disregarded.

Generally, adult drug users shun most inhalants except as a choice of desperation if nothing else is available. Inhalant users tend to be teenagers or younger, perhaps because other drugs of abuse (even alcohol and tobacco) are harder for some young persons to obtain. Sniffing is often a social event with acquaintances rather than a solitary pastime. As the 1960s began, the average age among 130 glue sniffers in Denver was 13. In this group 124 were male; most were lower-class Hispanics in trouble with school or law enforcement authorities; many had emotional problems. Another study found glue sniffers to have personalities matching those of alcoholics.

Gasoline sniffers are often emotionally deprived teens from troubled families, typically living lower-class lives in rural areas, often members of native populations whose cultures have
been devastated (American Indians in the United States, aborigines in Australia, Island peoples in the Pacific). Case studies of butane sniffers tell of lonely persons with difficulties at school or at home. A psychological test of 59 inhalant abusers found them to be impulsive persons with little respect for authority. Most research finds inhalant users to be unhappy persons marginalized by society. Yet not all researchers find that inhalant users are social misfits from dysfunctional families; some appear to be ordinary persons, though still youthful.

That difference in findings—most researchers saying inhalant abusers are social misfits, with some researchers contending inhalant abusers are normal— deserves an attempt at explanation. Many inhalant researchers work where inhalant abuse has been publicized as a major community problem, and those places tend to have populations of socially marginalized people.

Researchers commonly study persons receiving medical attention for inhalant abuse, and sometimes the medical attention is received involuntarily by court order. Such persons may be no more typical of inhalant users than hospitalized alcoholics receiving court-ordered treatment are typical of most alcohol users. And the definition of “user” may influence understanding. A user who sniffs several times a day is not the same kind of user who sniffed with some friends once or twice over a period of several years. Although most research finds inhalant abusers to be troubled outcasts, it is possible that such typical findings are due to the demographics of the population being studied.

For information about specific inhalants, see alphabetical listings for: butane,
ether, freon, gasoline, mothballs, nitrite, nitrous oxide, TCE, and toluene

Opiate Class

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Along with alcohol, opiates are the oldest known depressants. At one time the term narcotic referred specifically and only to opiates, but when drug control laws were strengthened in the early twentieth century the language of those laws expanded the dictionary definition of narcotic and made it a synonym for all controlled drugs.

Although opiates have various medical uses, the main therapeutic application is pain control. Other common uses are for fighting coughs and reducing diarrhea. Some other therapeutic uses of specific opiates are given in this book’s alphabetical listings of drugs.

The chance of medical opiate usage turning a person into an addict is slim. Very few persons receiving medical opiates find them attractive, and almost all patients who enjoy opiates already have a drug abuse problem. Researchers examined records of 11,882 patients who received narcotics and found 4 with a subsequent addiction problem who lacked a prior drug addiction history. The chance of developing dependence is higher, but a patient can be weaned off opiates in ways that avoid withdrawal symptoms.

Illicit users of opiates generally seek to achieve a mental state of indifference in which problems and frustrations no longer feel bothersome. A person high on opiates is oblivious to the world and unlikely to bother anyone. Some users experience euphoria.

Classic unwanted actions from opiates are constipation, urinary difficulty, low blood pressure, and breathing trouble. MAOI drugs, described earlier, may interact dangerously with opiates. In contrast to such problems, a desirable drug interaction is that opiates may boost pain relief from aspirin.

Originally the phrase “being hooked on a drug” referred to being so resonant with (that is, dependent on) an opiate that a withdrawal syndrome occurred if dosage stopped. Symptoms of opiate withdrawal are similar to those of influenza: sweats, goose bumps, muscle aches, cramps, runny nose, diarrhea, and sleep difficulties. Although conscienceless and irresponsible addicts may be particularly short-tempered and dangerous if undergoing withdrawal, for other persons the experience is miserable, but not horrible, and usually lasts only a few days. Traditionally those few days are the extent of withdrawal, but some authorities believe a subsequent stage of withdrawal occurs in which a person experiences aches, insomnia, and grouchiness for several months. Such symptoms, however, may simply be signs that the psychological buffer provided by opiate use is no longer available.

Drug addiction “maintenance” programs are designed to supply enough drug to hold off withdrawal but not enough to produce recreational sensations. Unless participants supplement the legal dosage with illicit supplies, such persons will not experience opiate effects enjoyed by addicts. Someone on a maintenance dose can adequately perform job duties and safely operate a motor vehicle. Performance may not be as sharp as in a drug-free state, but performance is in the normal range.

Opiates have a wide range of effects on fetal behavior. If a pregnant woman uses opiates regularly the fetus soon adapts to the presence of the drug and seems to develop normally, although an infant can be born resonant with (that is, dependent on) the drug and undergo withdrawal. Intermittent use of opiates is more damaging to a fetus than regular use, with the changing drug environment causing extra stress as a fetus copes with one condition and then another. Opiates cause fetal metabolism to increase, diverting energy away from body development. Infants born to opiate users are commonly smaller than normal, and early slowness of brain development has been observed.

Evidence exists that fetal exposure causes long-lasting problems in children, involving impulsiveness and inattention, but some researchers feel that home environment (often involving a single-parent opiate abuser with additional problems) is a better explanation for those difficulties.

For information about specific opiate class depressants, see alphabetical listings for: buprenorphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, etorphine, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine, nalbuphine, opium, oxycodone, pholcodine, and thebaine.

Opioid Class

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Opioids are often called opiates, which is satisfactory for practical purposes because the two classes of drugs basically produce the same effects in the same way. A technical difference exists between the two classes, however. If the history of a product were traced backward through its manufacturing processes, opiates generally would begin with the opium plant, but opioids would generally begin in a laboratory. Despite this technical distinction, the terms opiates and opioids are often used synonymously. Some of these substances are called “semisynthetic” and are referred to as “opiate/opioid.” Some opiates, such as morphine, can even be manufactured wholly in a laboratory without starting from the natural product opium; thus the same chemical can be either an opiate or an opioid.

For information about specific opioid class depressants, see alphabetical listings for: butorphanol, dextromethorphan, dextromoramide, dextrorphan, diphenoxylate, dipipanone, fentanyl, ketobemidone, LAAM, levorphanol, meperidine, methadone, oxymorphone, phenoperidine, piritramide, propoxyphene, remifentanil, and trimeperidine.

Pyridine Alkaloids Class

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Tobacco and areca nut are the most widely used substances containing drugs from this class. Although most Americans think of tobacco’s nicotine as a recreational drug, it has had agricultural functions as a pesticide and for ridding farm animals of worms. Nicotine is readily absorbed through the skin and causes “green tobacco sickness” among farmworkers who handle leaves, a poisoning sometimes severe enough to require hospitalization. The tobacco plant has been known to kill livestock that eat it. Humans have also been poisoned when attempting to use tobacco as food, such as by boiling greens.

Tobacco apparently originated in the Americas, where native peoples did not seem to regard it as a recreational substance. Their uses were spiritual and medical. Even in the twentieth century some native peoples used tobacco to treat conditions ranging from chills to infections and snake bites. When Europeans discovered tobacco in the New World, they removed it from the cultural context in which its primary uses had been medical and spiritual. Used without those restrictions, hazards became obvious soon enough. Lacking the shared social values that had long limited tobacco’s use in the New World, Europeans attempted to control the substance by law. Property of cultivators and traffickers became subject to forfeiture in Hungary and Russia and even Japan. In the 1600s smoking was condemned by the pope and by King James of England, and smokers were condemned to death in Turkey, Iran, Russia, and some German states. Legal harshness, however, was unable to substitute for the social values that had limited consumption in lands where tobacco originated.

We often measure drug addiction by the amount of drug used, assuming that the more a person uses, the stronger the drug’s hold. Researchers have found this assumption to be incorrect for nicotine. Measured by strength of dependence symptoms, a person who smokes more than a half pack of tobacco cigarettes each day may be no more addicted than a person who smokes just
half a pack, meaning the lighter smoker may have just as much trouble quitting as the heavier smoker.

Among cigarette users, the amount of smoking depends in part on the tobacco’s nicotine content, but other factors are also involved. During the 1990s in the United States female smokers tended to have a higher degree of tobacco addiction than male smokers did (measured not in number of cigarettes smoked but in strength of addiction symptoms such as tolerance, withdrawal, and difficulty in reducing consumption). Whites had stronger levels of addiction than did members of other races. Adolescents tended to smoke fewer cigarettes than middle-aged persons, but despite adolescents’ lower usage, their addiction symptoms were just as strong as those found in heaviersmoking middle-aged persons. Older smokers were the least addicted even though they were the heaviest users. Researchers are unsure whether such differences are caused by biology or culture or a combination.

In the United States tobacco smoking is associated with being an adult, and adolescents may take up the practice partly as a symbol of their passage into adulthood. Role models are also important; a prominent person who smokes may inspire admirers to do so. Celebrity endorsements of cigarettes were once routine in advertising, but the admired person can also be a personal acquaintance. A survey in Spain revealed that the role model of teachers who smoke seems to be a major factor in starting the habit among students there.

The popularity of smoking among American teenagers declined in the 1970s and 1980s but increased in the 1990s. A cancer statistics authority reported that by 1997 over 33% of American high schoolers were using cigarettes. A study of Taiwanese high school students published in 1999 found a much lower usage rate, more like 10%. In 1999 a survey of over 14,000 young adult American college students found about 33% using some sort of tobacco product, mostly cigarettes. The latest statistics can be found through the “Sources for More Information” at the end of this book.

For information about specific pyridine alkaloids class stimulants, see alphabetical listings for: areca nut and nicotine.

Steroids Class

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The steroids governed by schedules of controlled substances are anabolic steroids. Anabolic substances build up parts of living organisms, as opposed to catabolic substances, which decompose those parts. Anabolic steroids are abused mainly by persons desiring to increase muscle mass, such as competitive athletes and body builders. Steroids can improve muscle strength in females and in castrated males, but scientific evidence is weaker for intact males.

Still, steroids do seem to promote muscle mass, endurance, and overall athletic performance while dosage continues. Some scientists suspect that any performance enhancement experienced from anabolic steroids comes not from muscle power but from psychological effects, with the drugs increasing a user’s aggressiveness. Anabolic steroids can produce mania, anger, impulsiveness, euphoria, and feelings of invincibility—a combination that may lead some users into harmful social interactions. The combination can produce other types of unwise behavior as well, such as extravagant expenditures of money and taking reckless physical risks. Reports exist of paranoia and hallucinations developing while using steroids and disappearing when steroid usage is stopped.

Sports governing authorities banned the use of anabolic steroids by competitors. Some athletes ignore the ban in hopes of avoiding detection. Various other drugs are prohibited as well, but in 1988 most of the failed drug tests ordered by the International Olympic Committee revealed anabolic steroids, the most common one being nandrolone. Below that elite level, athletic use of steroids seems uncommon. In the 1990s a study involving 58,625 college students found only 175 steroid takers to study. That small group also had a much higher consumption of other drugs, legal and illegal, than the average student—suggesting that the steroid abusers were predisposed to use drugs for coping with all sorts of life situations, not just sports. Similar association of steroids with other illicit drug usage is found at the high school level.
High school steroid statistics are often based on the concept of “lifetime use.” Lifetime use means a person has taken a steroid at least once, which is not the same as regularly taking them. The number of regular users will be much smaller than the number of “lifetime” users.

Anabolic steroids are related to testosterone. Most, if not all, are androgens, substances promoting male characteristics. A female who uses those drugs may develop facial hair and a deeper voice, along with unwanted changes in sexual organs. In a young person who is still growing, androgens can prematurely halt further growth and thereby cause a smaller adult stature.

Among persons of either gender and any age, androgens may alter blood composition and increase the body’s retention of various minerals. That retention is not necessarily good. For example, sodium retention promotes bloating and can be inadvisable for persons with heart trouble. Liver damage and reduction of male fertility may occur due to anabolic steroids. Extended use of the substance may worsen cholesterol levels, thereby narrowing blood vessels, and such narrowing promotes heart attack and stroke years later. Steroid abusers tend to take far higher doses than are considered medically safe, thus further increasing the risks. Oral and slow-release under-the-skin implant formats of anabolic steroids can be processed in ways that will physically permit them to be injected. Such a practice is highly dangerous, as noninjectable formats of drugs have components that are not designed for direct introduction into the bloodstream.

Anabolic steroid dependence is reported with withdrawal symptoms that can include weariness and depression. Use by a pregnant woman can permanently masculinize a female fetus.

For information about specific anabolic steroids, see alphabetical listings for: boldenone, ethylestrenol, fluoxymesterone, methandriol, methandrostenolone, methyltestosterone, nandrolone, oxandrolone, oxymetholone, stanozolol, testolactone, testosterone, and trenbolone.

Cannabis

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Source
Plants of the genus Cannabis, particularly Cannabis sativa.

Forms and appearance
Herbal:
dried plant material, similar to a coarse-cut tobacco-like mixture. Usually greenish brown in colour. Sometimes the mixture has been compressed into blocks; occasionally it is seen wound with thread around a thin stick.

Resin:
dried and compressed resinous sap, found in blocks of various sizes and shapes. Ranges in colour from black or grey, through every shade of brown,to a pale honey colour. Ranges in consistency from hard and brittle, for hard and dense, to soft and oily, to dry and crumbly.

Oil:
extracted from the resin form by the use of a chemical solvent. Seen as a thick heavy oil ranging in colour from dark green or dark brown to jet black and with a distinctive smell like rotting vegetation.

Marketing
Sold by the ounce or as fractions of an ounce in a variety of packaging and sometimes with no packaging at all. Available in every city,town and village in the UK, in public houses and clubs, on the street, outside schools and colleges – indeed, anywhere that young people gather.

Legal position
Class C controlled substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.

Methods of use
Commonly smoked in a variety of ways. Can be put into food or made into drinks. Occasionally eaten on its own.

Effects of use
Relaxation, happiness, congeniality, increased powers of concentration, sexual arousal,loss of inhibitions,warmth,increased appetite,talkativeness.

Adverse effects
Loss of short-term memory, impaired judgement, impaired driving skills, dry mouth, lethargy, decreased blood pressure, bloodshot eyes, dizziness, confusion, anxiety, panic, paranoia, psychosis, depression, schizophrenia,
potential for causing cancers and breathing disorders.

Tolerance potential
Tolerance develops rapidly with continued use.

Habituation potential
True physical habituation is rare, but most users will develop a strong psychological habituation with continued use.

Withdrawal effects
Disturbed sleep patterns, anxiety, restlessness, irritability and aggression, nausea and cramping.

Overdose potential
It is not thought to be possible to fatally overdose with cannabis.

Cannabis Source, form and Appeareance

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All plants of the genus Cannabis produce a complex chemical called
delta- 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Three varieties of the plant produce THC in significant amounts:
Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica and Cannabis ruderalis.

Of these, C. sativa produces THC in the highest concentrations and therefore is the preferred source of the drug. C. sativa occurs wild in subtropical countries and is cultivated extensively in many of those countries for export to the rest of theworld. It is grown in the UK, but it does not flourish here unless it is provided artificially with the high light levels, extended daylight hours and warm temperatures that it is used to. C. indica and C. ruderalis produce lower levels of THC but are more tolerant of the climatic conditions of northern Europe and are grown both under artificial conditions and in the open. In recent years, all three varieties have been hybridised to produce varieties that will provide high THC levels and grow well in the UK. The plant has two distinct forms, a male and a female; both produce THC, but the female produces higher levels.

Form and Appeareance
Herbal, or vegetable, cannabis has in the past fewyears slipped in popularity in comparison with the resinous varieties. Herbal cannabis now accounts for perhaps 45 per cent of the UK market. It is produced by drying and chopping the leaves of the cannabis plant into a coarse-cut tobacco-like mixture. The finest-quality herbal cannabis is produced by drying and chopping the flower, known as the bud, of the female cannabis plant. This preparation, known on the streets as sinsemilla and sinsy, contains the highest levels ofTHCin herbal form, but it is rare and relatively expensive.

Drug producers are more interested in the quantity of drugs that they can produce rather than the quality, and so the vast majority of herbal cannabis that finds its way on to the streets of theUKgenerally is of poor quality. It consists of a mixture of chopped leaves of all sizes from both female and male plants, thin stems, small quantities of flower buds and some seeds. Most samples of herbal cannabis are greenish brown in colour, although rarely, pale green and golden samples are seen.

Herbal cannabis can easily be mistaken for various forms of tobacco due to their similar appearances, and many parents and teachers have accused young people of illegal possession of cannabis only to find out later that itwas nothing of the sort. Close examination of the sample should prevent this mistake. Most samples of tobacco have been produced by chopping dried plugs of tobacco leaves that have been formed from several leaves of different tobacco varieties layered together and cured. This layering can be seen in the form of strata of differing colours in the small shreds of tobacco. Cannabis has no such layering. Round seeds about 5mm in diameter are often found in herbal cannabis; tobacco contains no such seeds. Tobacco often has a strong aromatic smell, whereas herbal cannabis simply smells a little musty.

Cannabis Resin and Oil

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Resin
The leaves and stems of both male and female cannabis plants are covered in a coating of fine hairs. In bright sunlight, as the plant approaches maturity, each hair begins to exude a sticky resinous sap. This exudate is collected and then dried and compressed to produce the finest forms of cannabis resin. As with the herbal variety, modern producers are intent upon producing the drug in large quantities without being concerned about quality; therefore, rather than wait for the plant to exude its own resin, producers often crush the sap from the whole plant in commercial-size crushing machines.

Cannabis resin now accounts for approximately 55 per cent of the UK market. No cannabis resin is produced in the UK; all of the resin thatwe see is imported from countries with generally warmer climates than our own. Morocco, Lebanon, Pakistan, Turkey, India, Nepal and Afghanistan are major producers of the cannabis resin that reaches the UK.

Cannabis resin is seen in a wide variety of colours, consistencies and forms. The variations in colour and consistency are mostly a result of differences in climate and production methods. The colour can vary from the deepest black, through slate grey and every imaginable shade of brown, to pale honey. Some black forms are hard, shiny and brittle and can be snapped like old-fashioned liquorice. Dark-brown resins tend to be hard and dense and very difficult to break up. The user normally has to heat the block with a flame before being able to crumble it.
This process of heating is called ‘roasting’ or ‘toasting’. Many of the paler resins are soft and dry and crumble easily in the fingers.

Oil
Cannabis oil is produced by dissolving the flowering parts of the cannabis plant or its resin in a powerful commercial solvent, filtering out the fibre content and then evaporating off the solvent to leave behind a viscous heavy oil that contains a very high level of THC. The oil varies in colour from dark green or dark brown to black.

It has a very powerful smell similar to that of a rotting cabbage or bag of Brussels sprouts. This oil is either dribbled onto hand-rolling cigarette tobacco or smeared with a matchstick onto the sides of commercially made cigarettes.

Note
Despite the differences between the various forms of cannabis, in essence they are all simply THC.Whatever it is called and whatever it looks like, it is all the same. Many users claim that they use only one sort or another and never touch the other forms. This is nonsense: whatever form they use, it is THC that they are putting into their bodies.

Generic Cialis - Tadalafil

2009-03-17T23:17:00.000-07:00

Generic Cialis is an orally administered drug for treating impotence (erectile dysfunction) marketed world-wide as Cialis. Buy Online Cialis Pills, which are yellow, film-coated, and almond-shaped.

In December of 2003, the FDA approved Tadalafil or Generic Cialis for sale in the U.S. as the 3rd impotence prescription drug after Sildenafil -Viagra- & Vardenafil - Levitra -. Cialis's 36-hour effectiveness earned it the nickname, - The Weekend Pill -.

Cegah Peredaran Narkoba, Aktifkan Kegiatan Remaja

2009-03-17T23:03:00.000-07:00

Istilah “Tenda Biru’ di kawasan Cawang, Jakarta Timur, sampai saat ini masih menjadikan trauma tersendiri bagi warga sekitar. Pasalnya, sebutan tersebut identik dengan narkoba. Padahal tak satu pun warga yang mau kalau anggota keluarganya terjebak pada keganasan narkoba.

Susiati, warga Cililitan, Jakarta Timur, mengaku gerah dengan adanya “tenda biru” yang letaknya tidak jauh dari tempat tinggalnya. Apalagi dua anaknya ini masih kecil-kecil dan dikhawatirkan terkena imbas dari para pelaku pengedar Narkoba yang biasa mangkal di kawasan tersebut.

Polisi memang sudah sering menggrebek tempat yang berlokasi di Jl Letjen Soetoyo atau tepatnya di samping Pool Bus PPD ini. Tak hanya itu, warga RW 05 Kelurahan Cawang juga telah mendirikan Posko Penanggulangan Narkoba untuk tingkat RW (P2NRW). Kemudian, tiap Minggu pagi, warga juga beramai-ramai berkeliling di wilayahnya menyerukan antinarkoba yang diikuti pula oleh anak - anak. Namun sampai saat ini warga tetap saja khawatir.

Nampaknya masalah narkoba di Jakarta juga menjadi perhatian serius Wakil Gubernur DKI Jakarta Prijanto. Karena keberadaannya sangat membahayakan, maka Prijanto meminta pada warga untuk tetap waspada dan berhati-hati. Wagub juga meminta seluruh aparat di tingkat RT, RW dan Kelurahan untuk terus berpatroli, memonitor perkembangan daerahnya masng-masing. Selain itu, pihaknya juga meminta agar kegiatan remaja diaktifkan terus. “Saya minta seluruh RT dan RW untuk meningkatkan kegiatan pembinaan bagi para remajanya,” ujarnya, Senin (26/11).

Pembinaan yang dimaksud Prijanto antara lain, mengaktifkan kegiatan Karang Taruna, pengajian remaja masjid dan berbagai jenis kegiatan lain yang bersifat positif. “Maksudnya agar para remaja ini tidak terjerumus pada narkoba,” imbuhnya.

Sementara di tempat terpisah, Ketua Presidium Gerakan Rakyat Anti Madat (GERAM), M Masykur kepada beritajakarta.com mengatakan, pihaknya sangat prihatin dengan meningkatnya peredaran narkoba di Ibu Kota.

Karenanya ia meminta pada seluruh jajaran BNP, BNK, dan lainnya terus memerangi peredaran barang haram tersebut.
Selanjutnya ia meminta pada Gubernur DKI Jakarta agar jabatan Ketua Pos P4GN (pencegahan, pemberantasan, penyalahgunaan dan peredaran gelap narkoba) di kelurahan tidak dijabat lagi oleh para lurah. Alasannya, lurah memiliki banyak tugas pemerintahan sehingga kurang maksimal dalam melakukan pencegahan dan memerangi peredaran Narkoba di wilayahnya masing-masing.

“Idealnya yang menjadi ketua P4GN itu adalah pihak eksternal kelurahan sehingga dapat berjalan dengan optimal. Ini demi kepentingan bangsa dan Negara, agar generasi penerus bangsa tidak terjerumus pada Narkoba,” jelasnya, Senin (26/11).

Apalagi diyakini bahwa ujung tombak pencegahan peredaran narkoba berada pada level kelurahan. Makanya diperlukan figur pimpinan yang tangguh dan tidak terganggu oleh aktifitas lainnya. “Kami juga minta agar pak gubernur selaku Ketua BNP DKI Jakarta untuk menegur dan jika perlu memberikan sanksi pada para lurah yang tidak bisa mengatasi peredaran narkoba di kampungnya sendiri,” tukasnya.

Penulis: NURITO

Sumber: nurito

Cannabis: its Effects of use and Adverse effects

2009-03-17T22:55:00.000-07:00

Effects of use
The effects of using cannabis, and the duration of those effects, vary greatly from person to person and according to the strength used and the expectations and mental state of the user. An inexperienced or irregular user can expect the effects of one cannabis cigarette of medium strength to produce effects that will last for between two and four hours, with the effects tapering off after that.

Most users will experience a feeling of bodily warmth, which is a purely physical reaction to the drug. The small blood vessels close to the surface of the skin dilate and suffuse with blood. This gives the skin a flushed appearance and makes it warm to the touch. It also leads to the characteristic cannabis user’s bloodshot eyes known as ‘cannabis red eye’.

Users often report a feeling of relaxation, happiness and congeniality, with them taking a great deal of pleasure from the company of other people around them. If these other people are also using cannabis, then there is the potential for very pleasurable experiences. Many cannabis users make use of the drug in order to give themselves confidence in social situations and find that it helps them to mix with others and to make friends. Cannabis users often become very talkative and report that the drug has opened their minds and given them such insights that they are able to have the most wonderful conversations with other cannabis users about all sorts of subjects, including the big questions of life, love, religion and death. The truth of this is very different: we have listened many times to these conversations as sober observers and have found them to be utter drivel and to make no sense at all. A common feature of these conversations is the ‘unfinished sentence effect’, otherwise known as the ‘ums’, in which the user will forget the subject of their conversation halfway through and the sentence will tail off in an extended ‘um …’.

Some users claim that cannabis in low doses temporarily increases their powers of concentration, and many young people use it as an aid to studying and revision. They feel that the drug enables them to study for longer periods without fatigue. Most users will lose their inhibitions and do things that theywould never dream of doing when sober. In some users, cannabis raises sexual awareness; this, together with the loss of inhibitions, may lead them to have unprotected sex, sometimes resulting in unplanned pregnancy or the transmission of various diseases.

Adverse effects
Short-term effects
At low or infrequent doses, the adverse effects of cannabis are fairly mild; many users report few if any adverse effects. Some users suffer from dryness of the mouth and throat if the cannabis has been smoked, and some will suffer bouts of nausea and dizziness. An increase in appetite is experienced by most users. Many users experience ‘the munchies’, during which they consume large quantities of food, often stripping the refrigerator on their return home of anything edible, even things that they would not normally eat.

At comparatively low levels of use, many users suffer from short-term memory loss, with no retention of any clear memory of events occurring during and immediately following their use of the drug. This makes a nonsense of the use of the drug as an aid to studying. Such users maywell have the powers of concentration that learning requires, but the drug prevents them retaining much of what they have been studying.We have had a great deal of contact with students in ourwork and have often been told by them of their realisation, sometimes too late, that their use of cannabis while studying had a deleterious effect on their grades.

Even at these low levels, cannabis has a powerful effect on the judgement and information-processing skills required to perform complex tasks such as driving a car or even riding a bike. In 2000, the UK Department for Transport published a research report into the effects of cannabis on driving.1 They concluded that cannabis impairs driving in many of the same ways as alcohol does but that many cannabis users adopt a more cautious driving style than those affected by alcohol. Thus, the adverse effects of cannabis use can, to a certain extent, be mediated by a change in driving style.

Many cannabis users who make regular use of the drug report that time appears to run at a different rate than normal. This ‘cannabis time’ runs much more slowly, with minutes feeling like hours. Some users report that they feel that they are walking in slow motion when under the influence of the drug. As the dose increases, many users begin to suffer the onset of many of the more unpleasant side effects of cannabis. THC is a moderately powerful hallucinogenic substance, and users will begin to experience an altering of their perception of the world around them. Their hearing may be enhanced and low-level sounds may be exaggerated until they reach unpleasant or even frightening proportions. Light levels and colours may change, causing confusion, disorientation and nausea. The initially pleasant feeling of relaxation and happiness may be replaced by anxiety, panic and eventually paranoia.

Many users report that they feel trapped insidewhat they are still able to recognise is a false reality created by the drug and feel that it is never going to end.

Although rare, full-scale hallucinations are possible with high doses of cannabis. These ‘trips’, unlike those induced by some other hallucinogenic drugs, are almost always unpleasant and can be positively terrifying.

Long-term effects
Trying to make sense of all of the available information about the long-term effects of regular cannabis use is very difficult. Our current state of knowledge can be likened to the position that society was in some years ago with our knowledge of the health problems associated with the smoking of tobacco. Research had revealed some very serious problems, such as lung cancer and heart disease, but as time went on further research was to reveal much more. Medical research of a similar nature into cannabis use is still in the early stages, but it is beginning to reveal some worrying evidence.

Perhaps the most concerning effect of regular cannabis use by young people is that their use of it as a way of dealing with the ups and downs and the stresses and strains of modern life means that they fail to learn the necessary coping skills to deal with such problems in the real world. Such coping skills can be learnt properly only when a person is young – trying to learn them effectively during adulthood is difficult if not impossible. If a young person fails to learn those skills, they will have great difficulty in dealing with adult life, and many will find that they can cope with the pressures of life only by using drugs – and often potentially much more dangerous drugs than cannabis.

Many regular users of cannabis demonstrate a loss of basic motivation, sometimes called amotivational syndrome. It seems clear to us from having dealt with many such young people that it is not possible to place the blame for this solely on the use of cannabis. Many of these unmotivated young people were performing badly at school and demonstrating similar forms of unmotivated behaviour before they were using cannabis, and, at worst, the cannabis simply exacerbated a pre-existing condition. It is not uncommon for such young people to drop out of school or college, to give up work and to opt out of life in general. Most will have no goals – and see no point in having any. Their lives may be characterised by drift and increasingly will become built around their drug use.

Cannabis is certainly cancer-causing. The smoke produced by burning it contains about 50 per cent more known carcinogens than the same volume of cigarette- tobacco smoke and deposits around four times as much tar in the lungs and bronchial passages of the smoker. This is not as straightforward as it seems at first glance. Most people who smoke only tobacco consume much greater amounts of their chosen drug than do people whose choice is cannabis. Having said that, it is not so unusual now as it once was to find people who use amounts of cannabis that
approach the amounts of tobacco consumed by many cigarette-smokers. There are also important differences in the way users smoke cannabis. Most users of cannabis will inhale much more deeply than most tobacco-smokers do and will, in order to extract the maximum effect from it, retain the cannabis smoke in their lungs for much longer. This means that the smoke will be in contact with the membranes of the throat and lungs for a greater period of time than is usual with cigarette-smoking.

The picture is confused further by the facts that most cannabis is smoked mixed with tobacco and that most cannabis-smokers also smoke tobacco cigarettes.What is clear is that there are growing numbers of documented cases of throat, mouth and lung cancers that appear to be connected directly to the smoking of cannabis.

A 2005 review of cannabis-related health risks by the drugs information charity DrugScope drew attention to a number of cases of cancers of the digestive tract found in young adults with a history of heavy cannabis use. These forms of cancer are not common in people under the age of 60 and further highlight the carcinogenic potential of cannabis.

There can be serious problems for the fetus growing in the womb of a woman who uses cannabis. Cannabis crosses the placental barrier and enters the bloodstream of the unborn infant, who will be affected in the same way as the mother, but to a much greater extent. Put bluntly, when a pregnant woman is stoned, so is her child. The developing fetus is very delicate and susceptible to damage caused by the actions of drugs taken by the mother. Firmevidence on this issue is difficult to come by and can be contradictory. Female users of cannabis during pregnancy will, in our experience, often use a range of other substances, including tobacco and alcohol.

Such multi-drug use can make it difficult to separate the causal agents of any subsequent health problems in the baby.What does seem clear is that use of cannabis on any regular basis during pregnancy can lead to reduced birth weight and a range of problems during the child’s early years, including attention, memory and cognitive functioning deficits.

Cannabis has an effect on the level of the hormone testosterone in males. This is the hormone that provides masculine characteristics. As soon as a male begins to use cannabis, his testosterone level reduces. If he stops using the drug, the level will return quickly to normal. The real problems occur in males, particularly those with a predisposition to sperm-production problems, who continue to use cannabis on a regular basis and over an extended period.

Research indicates that in some males, the reduction in testosterone level becomes permanent and the level becomes so low that problems are then experienced in achieving or maintaining an erection and performing sexual intercourse. It would seem to us that these things are of some importance to most young males and something they ought to consider. One of the most worrying aspects of chronic use of cannabis by young people is the link between such use and its potential adverse effects on mental health. In our conversations with many hundreds of young cannabis users over the years, it has become clear to us that this aspect of the health issues surrounding cannabis is the one that concerns them most. Cannabis in high doses can precipitate an acute psychosis in some users. This manifests itself in anxiety, confusion, agitation, hallucinations and delusions.What is also becoming apparent is a link between cannabis use and schizophrenia. Although it remains unclear as to whether cannabis use alone can cause schizophrenia in otherwise mentally healthy young people, the drug does seem to precipitate schizophrenia in people who may already be vulnerable to the illness. The conclusion seems to be that any young person with a family history of schizophrenia would be extremely unwise to make cannabis use a part of their lifestyle.

This research is ongoing, and it seems likely thatmuch more information will be revealed yet. What can be said with certainty at this stage is that cannabis is not a harmless herb, as some would have young people believe, but a powerful drug that no-one should underestimate.

Methylphenidate poisoning

2009-03-17T22:47:00.000-07:00

Background on methylphenidate
Methylphenidate is a Schedule II controlled substance approved for the treatment of ADHD and narcolepsy. It also has unlabeled uses in the treatment of depression and to enhance the therapeutic effects of opiates

Pharmacology
It is postulated that methylphenidate’s mechanism of action involves increasing dopamine via blockade of dopamine transporters. Modulation of norepinephrine may also play a role.

Effects following overdose
The manifestations of methylphenidate toxicity are consistent with those of typical sympathomimetic agents. Effects include varying degrees of psychiatric or neurological effects (e.g., headache, CNS excitation or depression, abnormal movements or rigidity, changes in mood or behavior, hallucinations, paranoia), cardiovascular effects (e.g., hypertension, tachycardia, chest pain), and occasionally gastrointestinal effects (e.g., vomiting, abdominal pain) or various laboratory abnormalities (e.g., elevated serum transaminases or creatine kinase, thrombocytopenia). In some cases, hyperthermia, dysrhythmias, and seizures have been reported.

Adverse reactions
With therapeutic use, suppressed appetite, insomnia, headaches, abdominal pain, nausea, and irritability are common adverse effects. In a study of 47 children aged 5–16 years, Stein et al. found that insomnia and decreased appetite increased in frequency with increasing dose; other adverse effects were not dose related. Additional adverse events unique to chronic therapeutic dosing include weight loss, growth retardation, and perseveration. In addition, methylphenidate can unmask tics in those with Tourette’s syndrome and has been reported to cause hallucinations. Methylphenidate administration has resulted in an allergic reaction with first-time dosing. It is not clear that methylphenidate increases the seizure risk in patients with ADHD who do not have a seizure disorder, and the drug has been used therapeutically in patients with epilepsy without evidence that it lowers the seizure threshold. New “black-box” warnings address concerns about cardiovascular risk secondary to increases in heart rate and blood pressure documented during chronic use. Any further discussion of the risks associated with therapeutic use is beyond the scope of this guideline.

Pharmacokinetics
Formulations for oral methylphenidate include immediate- release (IR), extended-release (ER) and sustainedrelease (SR), controlled-release osmotic pressure delivery system (OROS), controlled delivery (CD), and LA (extended-release Spheroidal Oral Drug Absorption System). Methylphenidate is also available as a transdermal patch. The patch is designed to be worn 9 hours each day. See Table 2 for a pharmacokinetic comparison of the various products. For the modified-release formulations, crushing or chewing of the tablets destroys the products’ modified-release properties. The capsules retain their modified-release properties if opened but not if the beads are crushed.

Methylphenidate demonstrates large pharmacokinetic variability between individuals and in relationships between plasma concentrations and effects (18–21). In one study, the drug displayed nonlinear pharmacokinetics at high doses. Metabolism is predominately by de-esterification with 10–20% being metabolized by the hepatic microsomal oxidase

system. Its major metabolite, ritalinic acid, is inactive Methylphenidate (d,l-threo-methylphenidate) is a racemic mixture of d-methylphenidate and l-methylphenidate. A product approved in November 2001, dexmethylphenidate (Focalin), is the d-threo enantiomer of methylphenidate.

Dexmethylphenidate and methylphenidate have similar therapeutic properties; dexmethylphenidate is absorbed more completely than methylphenidate. Although dexmethylphenidate is described as twice as potent as methylphenidate,

the maximum daily dose is not equal to one-half of the maximal daily dose of methylphenidate (20 mg maximum daily dose compared to 60 mg maximum daily dose for methylphenidate). Due to the lack of toxicity information available for this product, it is not discussed further in this guideline.

Drug interactions
Multiple references state that hypertensive crisis might occur if methylphenidate is given with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. However, there appears to have been only one published case (in 1964) documenting this reaction. In this case, the reaction (described as “hypertensive crisis and hyperventilation syndrome”) was stated to occur 15 days after methylphenidate was initiated (7 days after hospital discharge) in a patient receiving tranylcypromine. The recorded blood pressure was 140/90 mmHg. It was not documented that food or other drug interactions were ruled out. Feinberg published a literature review documenting the therapeutic use of methylphenidate and monoamine oxidase inhibitors.

This review reported that initial dosages of 5 mg/day of methylphenidate have been utilized in combination with monoamine oxidase inhibitors without adverse effects but suggested that further studies were warranted. The addition of methylphenidate to the regimens of two children taking valproic acid resulted in dyskinesia and bruxism. The reactions occurred after the second dose (10 mg) in a 4-year-old boy and after the first dose (5 mg) in a 6-yearold girl. A pharmacokinetic study in six human volunteers provided evidence that ethanol given with high doses of methylphenidate produces ethylphenidate as a metabolite, which might increase the potential for toxicity.

Abuse potential
Published research and case reports have documented the abuse potential of methylphenidate. Cases of methylphenidate abuse reported to poison centers in the US increased 7-fold between 1993 and 1999. Routes of abuse include oral administration, nasal insufflation of crushed tablets, and parenteral administration of crushed tablets. Because the pharmacokinetics and subsequent pharmacodynamics of the latter two routes of administration differ markedly from oral ingestion, and because nasal insufflation and parenteral administration carry risks not associated with oral administration (e.g., talc emboli), only cases involving oral administration were considered in formulating this guideline. Problems unique to the abuse of the patch formulation have not yet been described in the literature.

Methotrexate and cyclosporin

2009-03-17T22:44:00.000-07:00

Although cyclosporin has been combined with a number of drugs, including gold and Hydroxychloroquine, the only proven effective combination is with methotrexate. A key trial from the 1990s, led by Peter Tugwell, showed that in patients with an incomplete response to methotrexate adding cyclosporin improved joint counts and global assessments over six months.
This benefit was also sustained for one year.

Methotrexate and leflunomide

2009-03-17T22:37:00.000-07:00

There is also evidence that administering leflunomide to patients with an incomplete response to methotrexate improves disease activity without triggering an excessive number of adverse events. This has been shown in both a small open study and a large randomized controlled trial. However, the approach remains controversial because of concerns expressed by regulatory
bodies that this combination presents an unacceptable risk of liver toxicity.

Aurin tricarboxylic acid ammonium salt

2009-03-17T22:32:00.000-07:00

Physical and chemical properties
Form: solid
Colour: brownish-red
Odour: weak characteristic odour

First aid measures
After inhalation: fresh air.
After skin contact: wash off with water.
After eye contact: rinse out with plenty of water with the eyelid held wide open.
After swallowing: make victim drink plenty of water, induce vomiting, summon doctor.

Fire-fighting measures
Suitable extinguishing media:
Water, foam.

Special risks:
Combustible. Formation of hazardous combustion gases or vapours possible in event of fire. The following may develop in event of fire: nitrous gases.

Special protective equipment for fire fighting:
Do not stay in dangerous zone without suitable chemical protection clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus.

Other information:
Contain escaping vapours with water. Prevent fire-fighting water from entering surface water or
groundwater.

Accidental release measures
Person-related precautionary measures: Avoid generation of dusts; do not inhale dusts.
Evironmental-protection measures: Do not allow to enter sewerage system.
Procedures for cleaning / absorption: Take up dry. Forward for disposal. Clean up affected area. Avoid generation of dusts.

Toxicological information
Acute toxicity
LD50 (oral, rat): 9000 mg/kg.
Further toxicological information
Hazardous properties cannot be excluded but are unlikely when the product is handled
appropriately.
Property which must be anticipated on the basis of the chemical/physical data:
After eye contact: Slight irritations.

Anal Nippon has some hot Maria Ozawa anal vids, uncensored Saturday, November 15th, 2008

2009-03-16T04:18:00.000-07:00

Anal Nippon has a lot of new hardcore, anal, blowjob and of course uncensored Maria Ozawa videos and pics, it’s just amazing at how much japanese sex, and japanese girls they have doing hardcore and especially getting hammered in their tight japanese assholes! Be sure to take a look at their site. And if you want some sample video galleries click the big pics below there are 3 different galleries:

Sexy schoolgirl Maria Ozawa showing off her hairy japanese pussy

2009-03-16T03:39:00.000-07:00

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Maria Ozawa in sexy purple stockings

2009-03-16T02:46:00.000-07:00

Maria is laying around on top of some bar stools wearing her sexy lingerie and panties, pulling her panties to the side to show her tight japanese pussy and her pussy is all juicy and hairy, I’d love to floss with some of those Maria Ozawa pussy hairs! She’s got purple stockings on that make her look so super sexy and when she’s spreading her legs wide open she begins to rub her clit a little bit. Then she rolls over into doggystyle position as if she’s waiting for us handsome guys to jump on her and stick our penis inside her tight pussy or little tight brown starfish!

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2009-03-16T02:40:00.000-07:00

Watch as ours truly Maria Ozawa pulls off the pants and underwear from her current japanese guest dude, she’s all smiles looking totally cute with her cute crooked tooth and side ponytail. She’s incredible isn’t she!?!? She showing her big nice japanese boobs and letting that guy grope and rub his hands all over her body. She starts to lick his stomach and even gives him a foot sucky sucky! See lots more of sexy Maria Ozawa and many other japanese babes at Cuty Candy.

Maria Ozawa I Ngangkang I Ngewek I Main Dua

2009-03-16T02:04:00.000-07:00

Maria Ozawa having sex with 2 men

Naked and looking so sweet and innocent with her beautiful face, looking confused as if she doesnt know she’s about to get gang banged by 2 yakuza mobsters. 1 comes from behind and the other comes to the front and muff dives into her sweet japanese pussy. She’s moaning and screaming like a teenager having her first sexual experience, though she is loving every second of this sexcapade! Then she lays down and the japanese guy startings pounding away at her tight pussy, japanese sex at it’s hottest moments! TONS more Maria Ozawa and many other hot japanese girls at Idols 69

vids 1 - 3

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Maria Ozawa I Ngangkang Lagi I Ngewek Lagi I

2009-03-16T01:08:00.000-07:00

Well supposedly the Japanese have the best soapy experience in the world, so what is better than to have the very sexiest japanese av model buck naked and oiled up rubbing her sexy flawless naked japanese body all over our ugly naked body! Wouldnt that just be great!!! Then having her give a happy ending, blowing your cock and then cumming all over her sweet face and beautiful big japanese boobies

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vids 1-4

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Maria Ozawa I Ngangkang I Ngewek I

2009-03-16T00:53:00.000-07:00

Maria Ozawa is in her sexy new lace bra and panties">Maria Ozawa is in her sexy new lace bra and panties

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Sexy ass Maria Ozawa is wearing her sexy black thong panties and her cute lace bra. Her body is ROCKING like a fucking rock concert! Her ass is perfect, her boobs are beautiful and natural and big! She’s 100% all natural, these are some of her newest pictures of Maria. She unbuttons her sexy lace bra and reveals those perfect japanese boobies then sits in a chair and spreads open her legs just enough to get you (and me) a large rock hard boner! Who is the sexiest japanese av model in the world? Maria Ozawa is that is FOR SURE!

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Maria getting double fucked

2009-03-16T00:24:00.000-07:00

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Here Maria is dealing with 2 guys, beating them both off at the same time in hopes that they’ll bust a nut all over her sexy boobs, but not yet! They fuck her tight japanese pussy and she sucks them off so good.

vids 1 - 4

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Maria Ozawa Nude Toket I Ngangkang I Telanjang

2009-03-15T23:56:00.000-07:00

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Sexy ass Maria Ozawa got her hair all curled and looking pretty wearing her sexy white lingerie and white stockings, and thong panties, with her legs in the air teasing her sexy ass and pussy.

She goes changes into her cute American-style cowgirl outfit with red, white and blue on her bikini and wearing her cute cowgirl hat, Maria is pulling down her bikini panties showing her japanese pussy bushy hairs.

Then she’s wearing her black bra and panties and black stockings, with her fluffy white hat, pulling her black panties aside revealing her hairy pusy and then showing her big natural boobies, She’s the hottest ain’t she!!!

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Archive for the ‘maria ozawa eating’ Category

2008-04-29T06:23:00.000-07:00

Maria Ozawa personal pictures, totally cute

One minute Maria Ozawa aka Miyabi is innocent, and the next she is getting double penetrated and taking 3 loads to her chest and beautiful face. Well, just to remind our audience that this extreme Japanese beauty is still as cute as can be, and still a fine gorgeous and beautiful young Japanese babe, Ive decided to post these pictures of her fine ass taken from Maria’s personal blog. Now what do you think? Yes she’s a hardcore japanese porn actress but admit, she’s 1 of the worlds top finest babes EVER!

Batam

2008-04-29T06:22:00.001-07:00

Welcome to Harris Resort Batam!
- Batam Island, Indonesia A friendly resort facing the strait of Singapore and the seaview with spacious accommodation and giant free form swimming pool.
Strategic destination, perfect for holidays with children or business purposes.
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Hold Your Own Girls Night In!

2008-04-29T06:19:00.000-07:00

Not a man in sight. Check. Toilet seat down. Check. Girl anthems on the stereo. Check.

Let the countdown begin. The girls are coming!

Join us for Girls Night In and besides having a great night in with your girlfriends you will feel great knowing that you are playing an important role in the quest to defeat women's cancer.

As a host, all you have to do is invite your girlfriends around to your place for a night in. Then simply have everyone donate the money they would have spent going out, to the Cancer Council. Click on your state on the right hand side to register.

Register now to get everything you need to get your night off the ground, there's no excuses, so start counting down the days because the girls are coming!

Looking for a friends event - click on the state where the event is located and you can search for their event by name or location.

Sekonda Seksy watches

2008-04-27T21:16:00.000-07:00

Are the most popular fashion watches around. It is not hard to see why; the range is smooth, sparkling and super sexy. Plus it’s all about getting A-List style for high street prices, what could be better than that?

Their signature pieces are the Seksy Curve and the Seksy Eclipse. Luckily for us they keep bringing out new variations on these two chic designs. So we can choose between different colour mother of pearl dials, white, black, soft pink or green, and between glamorous gold and silver bracelets.

There are so many other colours and styles across the range that you will definitely find one that matches whatever outfit you want to wear!

Girls Aloud, famous for their fabulous style as well as for being the best selling British girl band of all time, are now representatives for the Seksy brand. It couldn’t be a better match as just like Girls Aloud, Seksy watches are beautiful, fashionable and perfectly formed!

Seksy Curve is sponsoring an huge music event called Divas II on Sunday 23rd November airing at 8pm on ITV1. It is without doubt essential viewing. Divas II is a party about all things feminine; singing and dancing, ultra-Seksy style and of course having a good time!

So get your girls together for what is going to be an ultimate girls night in. Featuring a host of the world’s top female music stars including Rihanna, Leona Lewis, Pink, the Sugababes, Gabriella Cilmi, Anastacia and diva legend Dionne Warwick; this event is the ultimate in girly glitz. Plenty of opportunities to sing along guaranteed!

Seksy sponsored Divas II is held to mark the close of Breast Cancer Awareness Month. The guests are all specially invited fund raisers and campaigners, making it a true celebration of female achievement and perseverance.